Kathe Kollwitz Mothers :: Essays Papers

Kathe Kollwitz MothersIn 1914 a war was going on in Germany. At the same measure, Kathe Kollwitz was capturing images of poverty, unemployment, homelessness and things that ailed Germany. Following WW1 Kollwitz son, Peter Kollwitz, joined the German army to later be killed in battle. This inspired Kollwitz to begin a series of kit and boodle illustrating the effects that war had on women, one of which is The Mothers.In this work, and many, Kollwitz uses lithography to produce very dark yet sharp images. The use of color itself gives the audience a mournful view of her works. When first looking at this work, a deep sadness and sorrow is perceived. The expressions on the mothers faces give it away almost immediately. Viewing this piece from go away to right, the first mother encounterms as if she has lost a loved one or is reminded of one. The way that she hides her face in her hands not wanting anyone to see her pain, shows the audience how devastating it is to lose a loved one. The other two mothers seem more collect about their thoughts but at the same time thankful. They seem thankful by clutching tightly to their young, firmly holding their infants and keeping the children close by their side as if the kids are the only loved ones that the mothers consecrate left.When glanced at, this work attracts the eye because of its photographic characteristics. Dark black lines are used to outline each figure with its own characteristics. Dark colors are extravagantly used in this work to represent a gloomy image of sorrow, although in this work, they are used to show the feelings and thoughts of the suffering mothers to be unfortunate. Im sure that the mothers in this piece were not alone and Kollwitz realized this.

Violence :: essays research papers

ViolenceWhat do all of these scenes have in common a small figure jumping on another figures head, a man stabbing a woman with a pencil in the hand, and a man punching another man in the face? Violence. What is the difference amid these three scenes? One is a scene from a video game, another is from a new, popular movie, and one can be seen in real life. In a popular video game you have a little character named Mario who is supposed to rescue Princess Toadstool. In doing so he has to jump on certain characters heads in order to kill them. It is scenes like this that the government wants to outlaw. How can the government limit the amount of violence a kid sees in his or her childhood because the only path is to remove the kids eyes just so he or she couldnt see the violence? Of course the kid can all the same hear the violence, so what are they going to do, cut off the kids ears too? After that, the kid would be safe from seeing and hearing violence. What could the kid do after th at? Violence is just a part of human nature it may be a part that civilized humans suppress in order to try to have law and order. Law and order are two things that just seem like guidelines from which a kid bases his or her rebellion. tho like in Columbine High School there was a small group of kids who were willing to break the law because there were restrictions on what they could do. And because they were pester by some of the kids, and to them it might have felt like the whole school was coming down on them, they got their revenge in one way possible. Although we will never k outright exactly why, even though they left a note, they rebelled against the system like they did we will never know because they are now dead from their suicide pact. From now on, I think that someone should take threats a little more seriously when it comes to kids like they are. In video games you could be, as the government puts it, trained like a killer just from video games. I dont believe that st atement to be true, because if it were then we would have a holodeck from pencil lead Trek.

Hemophilia Essay -- essays research papers fc

Hemophilia is the oldest known hereditary expel disorder. There are two types of bleeders disease, A and B (Christmas Disease). Low levels or release absence of a crosscurrent protein essential for clotting causes both. Patients with bleeders disease A lack the blood clotting protein, calculate VIII, and those with hemophilia B lack factor IX. A person with atrocious hemophilia has less than 1% of the normal measurement of a clotting factor - either Factor VIII (8) or Factor IX (9). People without hemophilia have between 50-150% of the normal level of factor VIII or IX. There are about 20,000 hemophilia patients in the United States. Each year, about 400 babies are born with this disorder. Approximately 85% have hemophilia A and the remainder has hemophilia B. The tartness of hemophilia is related to the amount of the clotting factor in the blood. About 70% of hemophilia patients have less than one percent of the normal amount and, thus, have severe hemophilia. A small incr ease in the blood level of the clotting factor, up to five percent of normal, results in mild hemophilia with rare bleeding except after injuries or surgery.This is not a problem when a person with hemophilia has a simple cut or scrape. He doesnt bleed any faster than the average person. He disregard hold pressure on the cut and platelets in the blood depart stop the bleeding.The problem for people with hemophilia is bleeding inside the body, especially bleeding into joints like the knees, elbows, and ankles. When bleeding happens inside the joint, it becomes very swollen and painful. Repeated bleeding into a joint can cause a type of crippling arthritis. Bleeding inside other parts of the body, such as the brain, throat, and abdomen can be life-threatening. A person with mild hemophilia may only have problems with bleeding when he has surgery, major dental work, or a severe injury. A person with moderate hemophilia will have those problems plus bleeding problems with more minor i njuries such as a hard regain to the knee. A person with severe hemophilia can have what are called spontaneous bleeds - bleeding that starts inside the body for no known reason.Hemophilia is sort out as mild, moderate or severe, depending on the amount of clotting factor a person has in his body. Severe hemophilia is actually the most putting green form. People with hemophilia are born with the disorder and have it all of their lives. You cant ca... ...ed HIV.Factor VIII gene is characterized and cloned. 1985Viral-inactivated factor concentrates become available.ELISA and Western malignment Test are developed to test antibodies for HIV.1989Hepatitis C virus, previously called non-A, non-B, is identified.1991Testing for hepatitis C is introduced.1992First recombinant factor VIII products become available.1995First case of different Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, the human form of Mad Cow disease, is identified in the U.K.1997First recombinant factor IX products become available.19 98Gene therapy trials on humans begin.Effective word for hemophilia is available, but as yet there is no cure. Bleeding can be treated with an injection of clotting factor that is made from blood or biotechnological ingredients called recombinants. Bleeding stops when enough clotting factor reaches the affected area. Works CitedI.Principles Of Genetics 7th Edition, Robert H. Tamarin. 2002II.World Federation of Hemophilia. www.wfh.orgIII.Hemophilia of Georgia. www.hog.orgIV.Hemophilia Village. Hemophiliavillage.com

Underneath My Skin - Original Writing :: Papers

Underneath My Skin - Original Writing I am 15 years old, and I scorn my life. My parents are dead, I have no friends, I get bullied every day, and the worst of it is that I cant do anything about it. I now live in Omaha, Nebraska with my aunt, Patrice, who just made 21 and is never kinsperson. She is my last living relative. At school this kid named Brian messes me all the time. I never fight fend for because Im just peaceful like that. I get good grades (I have nothing else to do with my spare time except homework). I earn my have got money by playing craps behind the school with loaded dice. Thats why I dont have any friends. So I was walking home and here comes Brian with his sidekick Jim. Brian says, Hey punk hows it goin? Then Jim says, Yeah punk. I say, Im doing fine. Gimme all your money, or my fist and your face will become good friends. Then he pushes me. All of a sudden, something came everyplace and I just start wailing on the guy. I get up, look at Jim and say, You want some of this? He stands there in fear for a while and runs away. The rest of the way home I kept thinking about what happened, thinking about what came over me. In the middle of deep thought, I heard a voice say, It was me. I looked around and no one was there. So I blew it off and went on home. I got home, laid on my bed still thinking about what happened. There was that voice again, It was me. Makius. Now I knew something was up. Whos there? I said. You dont see me except I know you very well, said the voice. You know me, I said. The voice then said, Yes, I know about the time when someone tripped you and everyone laughed. I know about the time when some bully stole your shoes, and wore them the next day.

life or death :: essays research papers

Sculpture of the Old Kingdom of antique EgyptIntroduction Egypt is situated in the north-eastern corner of the African continent. It is undisturbed of two very different regions--Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. Lower Egypt--the Black Land as it was also called by the ancient Egyptians--with its fertile soil strip along the Nile River makes up the northern part of the country. The Red Land--the Upper Egypt--is a desertous southern part with the red, sun-baked soil. The history of ancient Egypt starts around 3000 B.C. when, according to the tradition, Menes Narmer unified the two lands and founded the graduation dynasty. That was the beginning of the Old Kingdom--the completion of stability of the state that lasted until 2263 B.C. and included the dynasties Ist to VIth. Old Kingdom is known as the Golden Age of Egyptian art during this period the famous pyramids of Giza and the legendary Sphinx were built and the canon that lasted for two millenniums was established.Influences Even t hough Egyptians were the first to build a civilization they werent the first artists. Obviously the first artists on Earth were the cavemen who produced the beautiful cave paintings found all over the world. However, the artworks that date tens of thousands of years back had little influence--or at least little direct influence--on the Egyptian art. The characteristic features of the art of the Old Kingdom were derived al about exclusively from the works of the Bronze Age (4500-3000 B.C.). Made in that period, there were sculptures of animals that were the predecessors of the statues of Egyptian gods and goddesses in the puzzle out of animals. There were terra-cotta figures of women--probably the slaves from the African tribes--which probably were to represent the Mother Goddesses. However the art of the Old Kingdom had much more to borrow from that prehistoric period than only bits and pieces of ideas here and there. Probably the most important thing that the Bronze Age should be noted for in this context is the development of the canon of Egyptian sculpture.hither is quite long, but very complete and precise definition of the word canon given by the Polish Egyptologist Kazimierz Michalowski in his book called Great Sculpture of Ancient Egypt 1) The canon is a historically conditioned element of indigenous character. 2) It is a result of a mass of observations and experiences that lead to the fixing in art of the most typical forms found in nature but brought down to specific and constant proportions.

life or death :: essays research papers

Sculpture of the Old demesne of Ancient EgyptIntroduction Egypt is situated in the north-eastern corner of the African continent. It is composed of two very different regions--Upper Egypt and pooh-pooh Egypt. Lower Egypt--the Black Land as it was also called by the ancient Egyptians--with its fertile soil strip along the Nile River makes up the northern part of the country. The inflamed Land--the Upper Egypt--is a desertous southern part with the red, sun-baked soil. The history of ancient Egypt starts around 3000 B.C. when, according to the tradition, Menes Narmer unified the two lands and beted the first dynasty. That was the beginning of the Old Kingdom--the period of stableness of the state that lasted until 2263 B.C. and included the dynasties Ist to VIth. Old Kingdom is known as the Golden Age of Egyptian art during this period the famous pyramids of Giza and the legendary Sphinx were built and the commandment that lasted for two millenniums was established.Influences Ev en though Egyptians were the first to build a civilization they werent the first artists. Obviously the first artists on Earth were the cavemen who produced the beautiful cave paintings found all over the world. However, the artworks that date tens of thousands of years back had little influence--or at least little direct influence--on the Egyptian art. The characteristic features of the art of the Old Kingdom were derived almost exclusively from the works of the Bronze Age (4500-3000 B.C.). Made in that period, there were sculptures of animals that were the predecessors of the statues of Egyptian gods and goddesses in the shape of animals. There were terra-cotta figures of women--probably the slaves from the African tribes--which probably were to represent the Mother Goddesses. However the art of the Old Kingdom had much more to borrow from that prehistoric period than just bits and pieces of ideas here and there. Probably the most grand thing that the Bronze Age should be noted f or in this context is the development of the canon of Egyptian sculpture.Here is quite long, but very end up and precise definition of the word canon given by the Polish Egyptologist Kazimierz Michalowski in his book called Great Sculpture of Ancient Egypt 1) The canon is a historically knowledgeable element of indigenous character. 2) It is a result of a mass of observations and experiences that lead to the fixing in art of the most typical forms found in temperament but brought down to specific and constant proportions.

Last Sacrifice Chapter Three

WELL, NOT GONE EXACTLY.Muted. Kind of wish how it had felt immediately after shed restored Dimitri back to a dhampir. The magic had been so strong then that it had ruin expose our link. There was no blast of magic now. It was to the highest degree as though the distanceness was intentional on her part. Like continuously, I still had a sense of Lissa she was lively she was well. So what was be giganticings me from feeling more of her? She wasnt asleep, because I could feel a sense of alert consciousness on the separate side of this wall. Spirit was there, covert her from me and she was make it happen.What the hell? It was an accepted fact that our bond worked only one way. I could sense her she couldnt sense me. Likewise, I could control when I went into her mind. Often, I assay to keep myself erupt (jail captivity time excluded), in an attempt to protect her privacy. Lissa had no such control, and her vulner cleverness infuriated her any(prenominal)times. Every once i n a while, she could use her power to shield herself from me, only when it was rare, difficult, and required considerable effort on her part. Today, she was pulling it off, and as the condition persisted, I could feel her strain. Keeping me out wasnt easy, scarcely she was managing it. Of course, I didnt care virtually the how of it. I wanted to know the why.It was probably my worst day of imprisonment. Fear for myself was one thing. exactly for her? That was agonizing. If it was my life or hers, I would have walked into exe sign upion without hesitation. I had to know what was going on. Had she learned something? Had the Council decided to skip right over a trial and execute me? Was Lissa hard to protect me from that news? The more note she wielded, the more she endangered her life. This mental wall required a lot of magic. But why? Why was she fetching this risk?It was astonishing in that moment to sack up provided how much I relied on the bond to keep track of her. True I didnt always welcome someone elses thoughts in my head. Despite the control Id learned, her mind still sometimes poured into mine in moments Id rather not experience. None of that was a allude nowonly her safety was. Being blocked off was like having a limb removed.All day I tried to get indoors her head. Every time, I was kept out. It was maddening. No visitors came to me either, and the book and magazines had long since lost their appeal. The caged animal feeling was getting to me again, and I spent a fair tally of time yelling at my guardswith no results. Tatianas funeral was tomorrow, and the clock to my trial was ticking loudly.Bedtime came, and the wall in the bond dropped at lastbecause Lissa went to sleep. The link between us was firm, but her mind was closed off in unconsciousness. Id find no answers there. Left with secret code else, I went to bed as well, wondering if Id be cut off again in the morning.I wasnt. She and I were linked again, and I was able to see the world through her eyes once more. Lissa was up and virtually early, preparing for the funeral. I neither saw nor felt any sign of why Id been blocked the day before. She was letting me back into her mind, just like normal. I almost wondered if Id imagined macrocosm cut off from her.No there it was. Barely. Within her mind, I sensed thoughts she was still hiding from me. They were slippery. Each time I tried to acquire them, they fell out of my hands. I was amazed she could still use enough magic to pull it off, and it was also a clear indication that shed blocked me out intentionally yesterday. What was going on? Why on earth would she need to hide something from me? What could I do astir(predicate) anything, locked in this hellhole? Again, my unease grew. What wonderful thing didnt I know about?I watched Lissa get ready, seeing no ostensible sign of anything unusual. The dress shed ended up selecting had cap sleeves and went to the knee. Black, of course. It was only a clubb ing dress, but she knew it would raise some eyebrows. Under different circumstances, this would have delighted me. She chose to wear her hair down and unbound, its pale blond tint showing brightly against the dresss black when she surveyed herself in a mirror. Christian met Lissa outside. He cleaned up well, I had to admit, uncharacteristically wearing a dress shirt and tie. Hed force the line at a jacket, and his expression was an odd mix of nervousness, secrecy, and typical snark. When he saw Lissa, though, his face momentarily transformed, turning radiant and awestruck as he gazed at her. He gave her a low-toned smile and took her into his arms for a brief embrace. His touch brought her contentment and comfort, easing her anxiety. Theyd gotten back together deep after a breakup, and that time apart had been agonizing for both of them.Its going to be okay, he murmured, his look of worry returning. Thisll work. We can do this.She said nothing but tightened her hold on him befor e stepping back. Neither of them spoke as they walked to the beginning of the funeral procession. I decided this was suspicious. She caught hold of his hand and felt strengthened by it.The funeral procedures for Moroi monarchs had been the same for centuries, no matter if the Court was in Romania or its new home in Pennsylvania. That was the Moroi way. They complex the traditional with the modern, magic with technology.The queens coffin would be carried by pallbearers out of the castling and taken with great ceremony all through the Courts backgrounds, until it reached the Courts imposing cathedral. There, a select group would enter for mass. After the service, Tatiana would be hide in the churchs graveyard, taking her place beside other monarchs and important royals.The coffins route was easy to spot. Poles strung with red and black silk banners marked each side. Rose petals had been strewn on the ground the coffin would pass over. Along the sides, people crammed together, hopin g to catch a glimpse of their former queen. Many Moroi had come from far off places, some to see the funeral and some to see the monarch elections that would soon follow over the next couple of weeks.The royal family escortmost of whom wore saleswoman-approved black velvet were already heading into the palace building. Lissa stopped outside to part ways with Christian since he certainly had never been in the running to represent his family for such an honored event. She gave him another raspy hug and a light kiss. As they stepped away, there was a knowing glint in his blue eyesthat secret that was hidden from me.Lissa pushed through the pull together crowds, trying to get to the entrance and find the processions head start point. The building didnt look like the palaces or castles of ancient Europe. Its grand stone farade and tall windows matched the Courts other structures, but a few featuresits height, wide marble stepssubtly distinguished it from other buildings. A tug at Liss as arm stopped her progress, nearly cause her to run into an ancient Moroi man.Vasilisa? It was Daniella Ivashkov, Adrians mother. Daniella wasnt so bad as royals went, and she was actually okay with Adrian and me datingor at least, she had been before I became an accused murderer. Most of Daniellas word meaning had come from the fact that she believed Adrian and I would split up anyways once I received my guardian assignment. Daniella had also convinced one of her cousins, Damon Tarus, to be my lawyeran gallop Id rejected when I chose Abe to represent me instead. I still wasnt entirely sure if Id made the best decision there, but it probably tarnished Daniellas view of me, which I regretted.Lissa offered up a nervous smile. She was anxious to join the procession and get all of this over with. Hi, she said. Daniella was dressed in full black velvet and even had small diamond barrettes shining in her dark hair. Worry and agitation lined her pretty face. Have you seen Adrian? I hav ent been able to find him anywhere. We checked his room.Oh. Lissa averted her eyes.What? Daniella nearly move her. What do you know?Lissa sighed. Im not sure where he is, but I saw him last night when he was coming back from some party. Lissa hesitated, like she was too embarrassed to tell the rest. He was really drunk. More than Ive ever seen him. He was going off with some girls, and I dont know. Im sorry, Lady Ivashkov. Hes probably well, passed out somewhere.Daniella wrung her hands, and I shared her dismay. I hope nobody notices. Maybe we can say he was overcome with grief. Theres so much going on. sure as shooting no one will notice. Youll tell them, right? Youll say how upset he was?I liked Daniella, but this royal obsession with range of mountains was really starting to bug me. I knew she loved her son, but her main concern here seemed to be less about Tatianas final rest than it was about what others would think about a breach of protocol. Of course, said Lissa. I wou ldnt want anyone to well, Id hate for that to get out.Thank you. Now go. Daniella gestured to the doors, still looking anxious. You need to take your place. To Lissas surprise, Daniella gave her a pleasant pat on the arm. And dont be nervous. Youll do fine. Just keep your head up.Guardians stationed at the door recognized Lissa as someone with access and allowed her in. There, in the foyer, was Tatianas coffin. Lissa froze, short overwhelmed, and nearly forgot what she was doing there.The coffin alone was a work of art. It was made of gleaming black wood, polished to brilliance. Paintings of elaborate garden scenes in shining metallic colours of every hue adorned each side. Gold glittered everywhere, including the poles that the pallbearers would hold. Those poles were draped with strings of mauve roses. It seemed like the thorns and leaves would make it difficult for the pallbearers to get a good grip, but that was their problem to deal with.Inside, uncovered and lying on a bed of more mauve roses, was Tatiana herself. It was strange. I saw dead bodies all the time. Hell, I created them. But seeing a body that had been preserved, lying peacefully and ornamentally well, it was creepy. It was strange for Lissa, too, particularly since she didnt have to deal with death as practically as I did.Tatiana wore a gleaming silk gown that was a rich shade of purplethe traditional color for royal burial. The dresss long sleeves were decorated with an elaborate design of small pearls. Id often seen Tatiana in reda color associated with the Ivashkov familyand I was glad for the purple burial tradition. A red dress would have been too strong a reminder of the bloody pictures of her that Id seen at my hearing, pictures I kept trying to block out. Strings of gemstones and more pearls hung around her neck, and a gold crown set with diamonds and amethysts rest upon her graying hair. Someone had done a good job with Tatianas makeup, but even they couldnt hide the whiteness of her skin. Moroi were naturally pale. In death, they were like chalklike Strigoi. The image struck Lissa so vividly that she swayed on her feet a little and had to look away. The roses scent filled the air, but there was a hint of decay mixed in with that sweetness.The funeral coordinator spotted Lissa and ordered her into positionafter first bemoaning Lissas fashion choice. The sharp words snapped Lissa back to reality, and she fell in line with five other royals on the right side of the coffin. She tried not to look too closely at the queens body and directed her gaze elsewhere. The pallbearers soon showed up and displace their burden, using the rose-draped poles to rest the coffin on their shoulders and slowly carry it out to the waiting crowd. The pallbearers were all dhampirs. They wore formal suits, which confused me at first, but then I realized they were all Court guardiansexcept one. Ambrose. He looked as gorgeous as always and stared straight ahead as he did his job, f ace blank and expressionless.I wondered if Ambrose mourned Tatiana. I was so fixated on my own problems that I kept forgetting a life had been lost here, a life that many had loved. Ambrose had defended Tatiana when Id been angry about the age law. Watching him through Lissas eyes, I wished I was there to speak to him in person. He had to know something more about the letter hed slipped me in the courtroom. Surely he wasnt just the delivery boy.The procession moved forward, ending my musings about Ambrose. Before and ahead of the coffin were other ceremonial people. Royals in elaborate clothing, making a glittering display. Uniformed guardians carrying banners. Musicians with flutes walked at the very back, playing a mournful tune. For her part, Lissa was very good at public appearances and managed the slow, stately pace with culture and grace, her gaze level and confident. I couldnt see outside her body, of course, but it was easy to imagine what the spectators saw. She was beauti ful and regal, worthy to inherit the Dragomir legacy, and hopefully more and more would realize that. It would save us a lot of trouble if someone would change the voting law through standard procedures, so we didnt have to rely on a quest for a lost sibling.Walking the funeral route took a long time. Even when the sun started sinking down toward the horizon, the days heat still hung in the air. Lissa began to sweat but knew her discomfort was nothing compared to the pallbearers. If the watching crowd felt the heat, they didnt show it. They craned their necks to get their one glimpse of the spectacle passing before them. Lissa didnt process the onlookers so much, but in their faces, I saw that the coffin wasnt their only focus. They were also watching Lissa. Word of what shed done for Dimitri had blazed around the Moroi world, and while many were skeptical of her ability to heal, there were just as many who believed. I saw expressions of wonder and awe in the crowd, and for a second , I wondered who theyd really come to see Lissa or Tatiana?Finally, the cathedral came into view, which was good news for Lissa. The sun didnt kill Moroi like it did Strigoi, but the heat and sunlight were still uncomfortable for any vampire. The procession was nearly finished, and she, being one of those allowed into the church service, would soon get to enjoy air conditioning.As I studied the surroundings, I couldnt help but think what a class of irony my life was. Off to the sides of the churchs extensive grounds were two giant statues showing ancient Moroi monarchs of legend, a king and queen who had helped the Moroi prosper. Even though they were a fair distance from the church, the statues loomed ominously, like they were scrutinizing everything. Near the queens statue was a garden that I knew well. Id been forced to landscape it as punishment for running off to Las Vegas. My true conclude on that tripwhich no one knewhad been to free Victor Dashkov from prison. Victor had b een a longtime enemy of ours, but he and his brother Robert, a spirit user, had held the knowledge we needed to save Dimitri. If any guardians had found out that Id freed Victorthen later lost himmy punishment would have been a lot worse than filing and landscaping. At least Id done a good job with the garden, I thought bitterly. If I was executed, Id leave a lasting mark at Court.Lissas eyes lingered on one of the statues for a long time before she turned back to the church. She was sweating heavily now, and I realized some of it wasnt just the heat. She was anxious too. But why? Why was she so nervous? This was just ceremony. All she had to do was go through the motions here. Yet there it was again. Something else was bothering her. She was still keeping a cluster of thoughts from me, but a few leaked out as she worried.Too close, too close. Were moving too fast.Fast? Not by my estimation. I could have never handled this slow, stately pace. I felt especially bad for the pallbear ers. If I were one, I wouldve said to hell with propriety and started jogging toward my final destination. Of course, that competency jostle the body. If the funeral coordinator had been upset over Lissas dress, there was no telling how shed react if Tatiana fell out of the coffin.Our view of the cathedral was getting clearer, its domes shining amber and orangeness in the setting sun. Lissa was still several yards away, but the priest standing out front was clearly visible. His robes were almost blinding. They were made of heavy, glittering gold brocade, long and full. A rounded hat with a cross, also gold, sat on his head. I thought it was in poor taste for him to outshine the queens clothing, but perhaps that was just what priests did on formal occasions. Maybe it got Gods attention. He lifted his arms in welcome, showing off more of that rich fabric. The rest of the crowd and I couldnt help but stare at the dazzling display.So, you can imagine our surprise when the statues ble w up.

Harlem Renaissance

The trials and tribulations of the Harlem metempsychosis The Harlem conversion, uni comprisewise referred to as The New signiness, was a dot of hot lay d aver maneuveristryistic and mixer freedom for Afri bum the Statesns beginning in the too soon mouthpiece and ending in the early sass. The spiritual rebirth served to create a consciousness of identity for African Americans, terminus in addition forcing ashen Americans to confront the size up to(p)ness of the ethnics. The creation of the New Negro in Harlem represented the liberation of the last vestiges of slavery. In the years to follow afterWorld War 1, H bems population was almost entirely dark-skinned. The Harlem spiritual rebirth period marked the beginning of a vital circumstances of African American recital in the United States. Harlem renascence, the ethnic explosion of Jazz, dance, film, poetry and art that swept this country, Western Europe and the Caribbean 75 years ago, is getting its low major retrospective in this country. It explores the Harlem renascence no as a phenomenon captive to a some squargon miles of Manhattan, but as an historical upshot of world(a) significance, says the foreword to the catalogue.During the early 20th century, three quarters of a zillion African Americans escaped the economic deprivation of the south and migrated north ward to urban cities in a desperate attempt to find good Jobs and economic security, while also vamooseing to find a more raci wholey tolerant society. 175,000 African Americans settled in New York City. The Harlem Renaissance opened doors for African Americans after the owing(p) migration, and paved the means for many opportunities. Youths) During this era African Americans for the first meter had a real reason to experience pride and rejoice in their ewe fix identity. Much of the books, art, and harmony emerging during the first half of the 20th century came from African Americans, even so though people of all races and cultures were involved. On the May, 1925 editorial paginate of The Crisis, W. E. B. Dubos hailed an unprecedented blossoming of black belles-lettres in America and pledged the services of his office to its perpetuation. We shall stress Beauty, he wrote all dish antenna, but especially the beauty of Negro life and character its symphony, its dancing, its drawing and painting, and the new birth of its books. To me this earns he wants his readers to look at how different cultures represent their management of life. Longboats Hughes was angiotensin-converting enzyme of the major black generators to emerge from this era. Hughes was a great writer with much diversity in his makeups, such as, plays novels, poems, essays, and much more. Harlem was the like a great magnet for the Negro intellectual, wrote Longboats Hughes, move him from everywhere. Meaning blacks were coming from many pliberal arts of the country (34). If pureness people ar pleased we are glad, if t hey are not, it doesnt upshot (34) In his opinion if white people didnt except the blacks it didnt matter beca handling they were experiencing some new found freedom. James Weldon Johnson was an iconic figure in the initiation of the Harlem Renaissance some(prenominal) as a writer and editor.The recent appearance of the Negro author on the list of the best publishers and the best sellers must seem a novelty, a strange phenomenon, and a miracle straight out of the skies. Something you wouldnt think possible or a rare occasion, or unexpected Monsoons 315). To the general American earthly concern, James Weldon Johnson claimed in his 1928 essay. Double auditory modality makes road hard for Negro Authors. When the audience is of mixed races, it could be more difficult to impress the white population. 315) Johnson had one main purpose in writing the Black Manhattan, to show where the new nation and modernism originated from. Henry Louis Gates Jar. , says that it is difficult not to identify the signs that African Americans are in the midst of a pagan renaissance. Blacks were struggling to be acknowledged by whites and skip overing to be qualified to express their beliefs in all aspects. (807) Gates notes that the new Negro Ritter held Harlem up as a wondrous cultural center, even as it was turning into the great American slum. An area of a city in which the housing is typically in very bad conditions, has lower standards, and usually over populated. (807) A major luminary of the Harlem Renaissance was Zorn Neal Hurst, a grand dame of the so called incinerating, a sort out of black writers who rejected the notion of the racial struggle as the sole turn tailion of the black elite. OBOE Foundation 52) Carl Van Bechtel was a famous writer during the Harlem Renaissance. He was known to have frequent, lavish arties that were almost always interracial. 462) Van Vestments friends describe his parties as white celebrities mingling drunkenly with black writers an d artists on several(prenominal) occasions black entertainers like Paul Robertson, and Taylor Gordon provided musical accompaniment. (462) Van Beechen became, in Nathan Huggins phrase, a downtown authority on uptown nightlife. He was come up known and respected in the downtown confederacy (462). When Carl Van Beechen wrote Niger Heaven, the title was considered to be a terrible insult and caused kind of a stir, furthermore after its publication the black familiarity participated in vigorous protests. 461) Niger Heaven is a book springing from emotions other than patronizing sympathy, according to Johnson, who goes so far as to wish a Negro had written it. Maybe in his opinion the title was racial and condescending to blacks. (463) Rolling Lynda Hart , a writer for The free-lance wrote, when we get possession of Africa, a Negro utter to me in Harlem the other day, we are deprivation to build a civilization so splendid that white women will blacken their faces and frizz thei r hair. In TheIndependent, a 20th century magazine wrote an article on Harlem. The magazine explains that Negroes had opened several kinds of businesses. The creative minds c rap musicper the Harlem Renaissance used chaste expression to make a significant impact on all aspects of society, while also endowing African American with the first sense of identity not defined by slavery. (121) Although generally considered an African American literacy movement, the Harlem Renaissance extended beyond books and poetry to embrace art, dance, and music. A shade of regeneration among blackAmericans, especially those living in Union cities, was evidenced in a variety of ways in the early 20th century. The Harlem Renaissance produced novelists, poets, artists, and musicians who are today considered some of the finest that America ever produced, regardless of race. That, in fact, whitethorn be the ultimate achievement of the Harlem Renaissance. Prior to this era, the representations of Afric an Americans in American literary productions were that of the illiterate and inferior peasant who made his living in the soil of the cotton fields. Although the emergence of the HarlemHarlem RenaissanceAs a result of the movement, African Americans were able to move on to rater heights in the realm of art, experience some sense of interracial relations which they had not before and they were able to build from this arts driven movement into a full-fledged Civil Rights movement. The major semi governmental theme of the Harlem Renaissance was the rebirth of a people, the creation of the New Negro. 3 This use of art forms as a meaner to express, uplift and motivate still plays a major role in todays African American society. piece literature has interpreted a certify seat to hip hop and African American produced films, these art forms continue to give voice to African Americans who would otherwise be left silent. The fight for African American equality in the United States has be en a slow and arduous process. One of the key steps in the progression towards equality was the Harlem Renaissance, a time of great loving and creative activity among African Americans during the sasss and The Harlem Renaissance, also referred to as the Black Arts movement made significant contributions to the movement of art and literature at the time.Thus, the presence and purpose of the works were snarl outside of the black community. There is general agreement That the Harlem Renaissance is crucial to the downstairsstanding of all 20th-century American art and culture. 5 The writers, musicians and artists during this time power saw their art form as a meaner of expression an opportunity to speak out against the mistreatment and discrimination they faced. The Great Migration had recently shamn sit in which African Americans from the South moved up North in droves to escape Jim Crow racism, search for better employment opportunities and a new beginning.Unfortunately, when ma ny African American arrived in the North, they were faced with many of the aforementioned(prenominal) racial discriminations they had faced in the South. Social attitudes of the early 20th century squeeze these black folks to settle in segregated urban housing. So, they created bustling black metropolises cities within cities. 6 The addition of thousands of southern blacks to these once miniscule communities was immediately tended to(p) by intensified levels of prejudice and discrimination against blacks, as both newcomers and long-time residents were quickly perceived by northern whites as serious competitors for Jobs and housing. 7 With the migration to a new place and the realization that there were still barriers resulting from discrimination, artistic creativeness became a meaner for expression, growth and entertainment. This caused a erred of remarkable artistic and intellectual activity in New York Citys African American community, leading to the Harlem Renaissance. 8 Som e argue that the Harlem Renaissance was pointless and had no immediate effects on society in terms of the betterment of African Americans. However, there was a significant change in the way African Americans viewed themselves.There was a surge of pride that permeated the African American community as a result of the art that was present at that time. The Harlem Renaissance benefited future African Americans by helping to establish black pride. Renaissance writers such as W. E. B Du Bois regulated future artists like author James Baldwin and activists like Martin Luther King, Jar. These individuals and others like them would help initiate broader social change in the sasss and However, the establishment of Black Pride did not improve the living conditions of many African Americans.This was the concern of a lot of critics and historians, as they worry that the emphasis on a celebration of black cultural achievements overlooks the difficult living conditions of most African Americans in urban Embracing the artistic expression of the time individuals like W. E. B. Du Bois, James Weldon Johnson, and Arthur Schoenberg, began to reflect on how cultural activity might aid the African American community in its struggle to better its situation.In the pages of The Crisis, the magazine of the NAACP, Du Bois and novelist Jessie faucet encouraged conversation around how creativity in the arts might contribute to a better understanding of and respect for the African American experience. 11 The unchanged living conditions of African Americans in northern cities, some decades later, ultimately gave birth to the pelvis-Hop movement. Before the sass, there were nevertheless a handful of books by African-American tutors. At that time, most black characters in literature were written by white people.There was little authentic, or true, discussion of what it meant to be black in America. 12 This was so even when white writers interviewed many of the emancipate slaves. Inste ad of telling their stories in the way it was told, many of the writers saw it as an opportunity to make light of the way they pronounced and enunciated words, which helped most readers easily miss the point of the interviews. However, In this cultural moment black writers experienced and uttered a sense f self-worth and self-empowerment that underside all subsequent declarations of black political and aesthetic pride. 13 Longboats Hughes was One of the leading and most famous writers and thinkers of the Harlem Renaissance Known for using Jazz rhythms in his poetry and for his colorful, insightful portrayals of the lives of ordinary African-Americans. 14 Hughes made an interest point in his essay The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain, published in 1926 in a magazine called The Nation, which gives readers insight on the mindset of the majority of Harlem Renaissance artist. He declared, We younger Negro artists who create now intend to express our individual dark-skinned selves w ithout fear or shame.If white people are pleased we are glad. If they are not, it doesnt matter. We know we are beautiful. And ugly, too. The tom-tom laughs. If colored people are pleased we are glad. If they are not, their displeasure does not matter either. We build our temples for tomorrow, strong as we know how, and we stand on top of the mountain free within 5 Hughes endorsed the idea that the arts could have a irresponsible role to play in the betterment of the black community. He insisted, however, that the work produced must embrace the whole African American and not merely mime white standards, styles, and expectations.Much like during the Harlem Renaissance era, disenchantment with society is still expressed with movies, music, art and literature. This statement is even more relevant when we consider the Hip Hop culture of today that also expresses its disenchantment with society by using music, movies, art, literature, dress and dance. Hip hop has rejected and now repl aced the pious, sanctimonious temper of civil rights as the defining moment of Blackness. In turn, it offers new ways of seeing and understanding what it meaner to be Black at this pivotal time in history. 16 Although appreciative of the progress made by the Civil Rights front man, the early Hip Hop artist viewed the obtaining of civil rights as nothing more than a osmium that was pitched to blacks to abide by them quiet. These artists were voicing their frustration with what they perceived to be the unfair treatment of their people. The frustrations of the early strike artists can be heard in the musical poetry of their songs. For instance, Grandmaster Flash wrote a song called The Message, and the first verse says, Broken glass everywhere People pissing on the stairs, you know they Just dont careI cant take the smell, I cant take the noise Got no money to move out, I guess I got no choice Rats in the front room, roaches in the pole Junkies in the alley with the baseball bat I tried to get away(predicate), but I couldnt get far Cause a man with a tow-truck repossessed my Another example of a rap artist speaking out on the condition of blacks and encouraging them was the song Keep Yah Head Up by Outpace who said, Ahoy, I remember Marvin Gay, used to sing TA me He had me feeling like black was that thing to be And suddenly that ghetto didnt seem so tough And though we had it rough, we always had enough..While the rich put one overs is driving Benz Im still trying to hold on to my surviving friends And its crazy, it seems itll never let up, but please You got to keep your head up. 18 homogeneous the artist of the Harlem Renaissance era, the early Hip Hop artist wanted to shine a spot light on what was going on within a black community that the majority did not seem to care about. Hip hop redefined the presence and vitality of black early days culture in the popular cultural landscape.More important, it forged new territories and spaces for African Ame ricans to assert greater control over the shaping and reshaping of the popular culture scene. 19 In his poem New Song Hughes says, l speak in the name of the black millions Awakening to action. Let all others keep silent a moment I have this word to bring, This thing to say, This song to sing Bitter was the day When I bowed my back Beneath the slavers whip. That day is past. When I saw my children unschooled, My young men without a voice in the worldly concern, My women taken as the body-toys Of a thieving people.That day is past. Here we see a setting quite similar to that of the aforementioned Grandmaster Flash song. Hughes describes the past condition of African Americans. He described what e saw and goes even further as to say, no more. He makes a stance against the condition of black people and while doing so encourages a change in action and attitude. In an attempt to redefine their own culture, the Harlem Renaissance also reshaped literature and the art forms represented du ring the movement. Jazz is a great example of this, New type of music called Jazz, which quickly became popular passim the world and is recognized as the first distinctly American musical form. 20 For the first time, African American voices were beingness heard throughout the nation and the world as a result of the literature that was being reduced during this time. Jean Toners Cane was one of the first African American novels to receive mainstream recognition and bring inion from white audiences and led to the publishing of other African American novels. Hip hop has also had a worldwide effect on not only music, but culture as a whole.In telling the stories of their communities, African Americans have caught the attention of other audiences with this musical form Just as they did with Jazz and literature during the Harlem Renaissance. As an art form, Hip Hop has reached out beyond its urban roots to gain a growing acceptance among diverse audiences. 21 There are Hip Hop a-Boy crews in, Japan, France South Korea, and the Brainwashing, Germany. Halifax Summer, a lecturer in African American Studies at US Berkeley, was quoted saying Hip-hop has become a global culture.It began in black and Latino American communities, but you cant go to any offspring culture in any capital city on the orchis today where you wont find rappers talking about their normalization using similar lyrics, similar music and similar dress. 22 Hip hop is used for the kindred meaner in other countries. Thousands of organizers from Cape Town to genus Paris use hip-hop in their communities o address environmental Justice, policing and prisons, media Justice, and education. In Guttenberg, Sweden, nongovernmental organizations (nags) incorporate graffiti and dance to drive disaffected immigrant and working-class youths. 23 Any movement is going to have its critics. Harlem intellectuals criticized the movement but it remained popular with the working class and those that understood the m eaning behind the messages. Longboats Hughes was criticized greatly as many professed that he focused on furthering an unfavorable image of African Americans and perpetrating stereotypes of the black race. To that criticism Hughes said, l felt the masses of our people had as much in their lives to put into books as did those more fortunate ones who had been born with some meaner and the ability to work up to a masters degree at a Northern college.I knew only the people I had grown up with, and they werent people whose shoes were always shined, who had been to Harvard, or who had heard of Bach. But they seemed to me good people, too. 24 Rap music or hip hop music if you will, receives much criticism for its sometimes materialistic and sexist messages. But rap music is only a part of the movement, and f you look beyond stereotypes, its clear that hip-hop culture has become one of the most far-reaching arts movements of the past three decades. 25 In the last few years hip hop has been one of the highest grossing music forms in the world and though the elitist shove its significance, much like they did writers like Hughes during the Renaissance movement, hip hop music has transformed into a culture beyond the music playing on the radio. Hip-hop matters, quite simply, because it is the voice of the streets. And that remains true today, regardless of whether its the paltry youth in the suburbs of Paris or indigenous people fighting for heir dignity in Colombia.Hip-hop has connected with the powerless in a way that no one could have predicted or, now, can control. 26 Hip hop is a style of dress, a style of dancing and walking, a form of music and even language. Although hip-hop is generally used as a referent to urban music that replaces singing with poetical prose, it has emerged as a framework of understanding youth culture between 1979 and 2010. The common activities of hip-hop include Digging, Rapping, Dancing, and Graffiti art. Those cultural activities have op ened the doors for political thinking and cultural behaviors that can be considered hip-hop. 27 And though hip hop started as a form of music used by African Americans as a meaner of expression, it is no longer defined by race or made up of only African Americans. In fact Just a few years ago Black recreation Television named Mine, a Caucasian rapper, as the number one rap artist for that year. This simply shows the grave impact that hip hop has had on culture. The same way white America was drawn into the music, literature and art of the Renaissance movement, Just about all cultures have embraced hip hop, its music and culture. The cosmopolitan disposition of hip-hop includes people from backgrounds there than Black American and makes it clear that in hip-hop, ones kin are not Just those think by blood, but those related by experience. This is special(a)ly the case if the shared experience is of oppression at the hands of the same institutions and the same political and social economies that exclude a grouchy set of people from fully participating in the activities within a particular social Race alone does not bring people in concert in a movement, experiences and even trends do. Its not just working-class whites, but also affluent, suburban kids who identify with this USIA with African-American roots. A white 16-year-old hollering rap lyrics at the top of his lungs from the drivers seat of his dads late-model Lexus may not have the same rationale to howl at the moon as a working-class kid whose parents cant pay for college, yet his own anguish is as real to him as it gets. What attracts white kids to this music is the same thing that prompted outraged congressmen to decry Jazz during the sass Fife on the other side of the tracks its cool or illicit factor, which black Americans, like it or not, are always perceived to possess. 29 Africa Bumboat is credited with having started or founded hip hop by some and even he saw that it could evoke into a moveme nt. Having visited Africa he began to take on the idea of fighting with love not war and in doing so wanted to bring forth a meaner of social change. Bumboat had this vision of hip-hop as a force for social change.He had the history and street credibility to make this narrative acceptable to even the hardest of hard-heads He was the guy who articulated that hip-hop could be a cultural movement. 30 From its inception, hip hop was positioned to be more than Just music. Similarly, with the Great Migration that had Just transpired and the seeking of employment and a break from the chains of Jim Crow, a movement of sorts was definitely on the horizon. While Hip Hop may have started on a small street corner in Bronx, New York, the impact of those humble beginnings were eventually felt globally.For instance, at a local mall one might observe hip hop dress a Hip Hop culture that has wedge not only the ghetto street kid in the hood, but also the kids living in suburban and rural areas alik e. At a car dealership, one might see that the cars on the showroom floor re outfitted with 20+ inch rims, a major part of Hip Hop culture. Like it or not, Hip Hop is here to stay. However, had it not been for movements like the Harlem Renaissance, other movements like the Civil Right Movement, Black Pride Movement, and todays Hip Hop Movement would have never existed.For the movement taught blacks, and those that experience oppression of any sorts, to believe in themselves, and to see themselves not as inferior, but equal to. It is often under the subjection of great stress that movements are born. Those that traveled North during the Great Migration had every opportunity to fold and give p, but they didnt. Instead they decided to use whatever talents and gifts they had to create movements like the Harlem Renaissance, which defied the odds and finally gave black people a voice in a sea of white voices.It provided an avenue for African Americans to pick themselves up notwithstanding the discrimination they had to face on a daily basis from those in society. As a result of the Harlem Renaissance, African Americans were able to move on to greater heights in the realm of art, ultimately giving birth to todays Hip Hop culture. Bibliography A Walk Through Harlem. bookworm Scope (February 2010). Bailey, Cat. Noises of the Harlem Renaissance. Scholastic Scope 51 no (February 2003) 14. Barron, Desman. 1995. Longboats Hughes The negro artists and the racial mountains. . World &038 1 10, no. 410. Boyd, Robert L. The Northern Black Metropolis of the Early Twentieth light speed A Reappraisal. Sociological Inquiry 81, no. 1 (February 2011) 88-109. Brown, Bryan. Hip-hop as a resource for understanding the urban context. Cultural Studies Of Science Education 5, no. 2 None 2010) 521-524. Education Research Complete, Obscenest (accessed September 24, 2012). Change, Jeff. ITS A Hip-Hop World. Foreign Policy no. 163 (November 2007) 58. Masterful Premier, Obscenest (access ed September 24, 2012). Ending, C. (2010). Science education for the hip-hop generation.Harlem RenaissanceAnd what exactly was this thing called the Harlem Renaissance? Those are some of the questions that I am precisely going to answer here World War I started the Harlem Renaissance in the year 1916 and continued throughout the sasss. This movement known as the Harlem Renaissance could also be called The Great Migration since millions of African Americans who were tired and highly fed up with all the racism against them, settled in New York, specifically in the neighbor of Harlem.Soon, after all these African Americans grated, Harlem was filled with life, as in creativity the air was filled with it. Harlem was the place to be for any African American who wanted to get out of the life of discrimination they had, and have a new life filled with freedom of expression. Training in the arts was provided in Harlem for instance being trained artistically, musically and also being trained to express their literary talents as considerably. All of these components gave birth to what is known as the Harlem Renaissance.In addition, the Harlem Renaissance wasnt only a rebellious movement against the whites at the mime, it was also a literary movement, a literary movement that kicked off in a dinner on March 21, 1924. Various types of writers, either white or black united in this historical dinner. Organizations such as the National Urban League and the Advancement of Colored People were responsible for publishing Journals of what it was like being black in a white dominated world (McDougal Little Literature, Grade 11, pig. 830) these Journals were written by Counter Culled, Zorn Neal Hurst and Longboats Hughes.These writers also expressed what it was like being called the new negro, well educated African Americans with strong racial pride. As a matter of fact, strings were pulled so that the anthology of The New Negro could be published in 1925. Another writer like Jean Toomey was more driven in exploring his own identity rather than African American themselves. Even though these writers had different points of views towards the Harlem Renaissance they all shared the same honor and pride for who they were, the New Negroes ? well educated African Americans with throng racial pride.Regardless of all the progress the members of the Harlem Renaissance had gained, it all came to an end when the economy dropped because of the Great Depression. Due to the pitiful economy, the writers of this time had to go elsewhere to find other Jobs that would be able to sustain their families. Even though this happened and the Harlem Renaissance came to an end, this was Just the beginning for African American writers everywhere. In conclusion, the Harlem Renaissance was not only a historical movement that World War I began and theGreat Depression ended. It wasnt Just a way for artist and writers to rebel against the whites. It was more than that. It was a way a way of individual expression, and finally being able to have honor and pride of where they came from and who they were. Although the Harlem Renaissance only lasted a little more than 20 years, it was an end to that particular movement but the beginning of African American writers standing up for their culture and heritage trough music, art and writing all around the world.Harlem renaissanceAmerican artists moved to Paris or spent considerable time there rather than endure the racism and segregation in America. In Paris they could be free to eat in any restaurant they chose, and were treated well. After fleeing segregation in America where African Americans couldnt stay in the same hotels or eat in the same restaurants as whites, Josephine felt well at home in this vibrant city. World War II crampfish During World War II, Josephine served with the French Red Cross and was an active ember of the French resistance movement.The French Resistance was a group of individuals who helped to win t he war against the German Nazis enemy with undercover work. Using her career as a cover Baker became an intelligence agent, carrying secret messages written in invisible ink on her sheet music. She was awarded honor of the Choir De Gruyere, and received a Medal of the Resistance in 1946. In 1961 she received the highest French honor, the Legion denouncer from French electric chair Charles degaussed.A Force in the Civil Rights Movement When Josephine later returned to America to perform, she always insisted that the theaters not be segregated. At that time, African-Americans were told that they could only sit in certain sections of the theatre, away from whites. They also had to sit in the back seats of public transportation, could not eat in the same restaurants, or frequent the same stores and other public venues. In the sass, Baker traveled around the United States giving speeches in support of the civil rights movement, which was campaigning for equal rights for African American s.After World War II, Josephine began to adopt children from all over the world, calling them her Rainbow Tribe. She saw her Rainbow Tribe as evidence that people of all colors and races could live together in peace and harmony. She adoptive 12 children in all. Josephine and the Rainbow Tribe lived in a large castle in southwestern France. Josephine Baker made several movies, numerous recordings, and performed on wooden leg until she was in her late ass.Harlem RenaissanceThe Effects of the Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance continues to be the most momentous artistic movement in American history. The renaissance helped to form an awareness of characteristics for African-Americans. The Harlem Renaissance is best recalled today as an outburst of creativity overflowing from talented African-Americans in the sass.The creative minds behind the Harlem Renaissance used artistic expressions to make an important effect on all features of society, while also providing African-America n with heir first sense of while not being to slavery. Lain Locke said it best, In the very process of being transplanted, the Negro is becoming transformed (Locke 6). In the early 20th century, African-Americans escaped the economic deficiency of the South and migrated northern and urban cities, mostly New York, in an anxious attempt to find good Jobs and economic safety and also searching for a more racially open- minded society.This collective desire to help each other was an element in changing the movement into one that embraced all the fine arts it was also essential in evolving the Harlem Renaissance into a search for a new identity for a deprived ethnic group that is constantly being reminded of slavery. The Harlem Renaissance rapidly became Just as important for the way in which is gave African-Americans a real culture and a pride in acknowledging and embracing that culture.The intellectuals contributed to the significance of the Harlem Renaissance by understanding and cont ributing to its purpose in defining positive role models for blacks. In fact, the movement essentially created the idea of the black intellectual for both Americans and Europeans. Some of the artists contributions are actually still valuable today Just as they were back then. James Weldon Johnson is an iconic symbol in the beginning of the Harlem Renaissance as a writer and also an editor.He had written the controversial Autobiography of an Ex-colored Man in and had also edited The Book of American Negro Poetry. This accretion showcased several of the Renaissances most talented poets, including a man who would go on to become a giant in the literary world, Longboats Hughes. Hughes was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist. He was one of the most primitive innovators of the then-new literary art form called Jazz poetry. He is highly recognized in the Harlem Renaissance period.He famously wrote about the period that the negro was in vogue which was la ter paraphrased as when Harlem was in vogue. Zorn Neal Hurst published a literary magazine that crumpled almost immediately because of problems raise money, but was influential, however. Hurst later on accomplished immortality with her book Their Eyes were Watching God. Literature was not the only art that defined the Harlem Renaissance. In fact, the music of the period may have been more influential in defining the identity of the common African-American than the literary accomplishments.The music turn into a background music for the age, while also providing motivation to the literary adventures of poets and dramatists. Jazz exploded into the arena of respectability and characterized for many whites the embodiment of the urban lifestyle. The leading Jazz performers were Bessie Smith, Duke Elongating, Charlie Parker and Billie Holiday. Harlem Renaissance can be seen as a challenge to fuse imaginative meaner o produce an identity of artistic expression.The most long-lasting effect of the Harlem Renaissance may have been the one that is endorsed upon the education of African-Americans. The vital importance of education, but it was also one which saw a huge growth in the importance and availableness of high education. Since the realities of the racial division in America was at work either subliminally or obviously in closely every work of literature produced during this period, the Harlem Renaissance is acknowledged for constructing an aggressiveness borne by that search of knowledge.Any time an ethnic group is exposed to education at a level theyve been denied, it can be expected that certain people will recognize the political feature of the denial of that education. There was a beginning mindfulness among African Americans across America that promises made had not been kept from reconstruction through World War l. Many of the intellectuals of the movement insisted that discrimination of this type should be confronted and overcome. During the Harlem Renaissa nce, African-Americans for the first time had a real reason to experience pride and rejoice in their identity.Harlem became the center of a spiritual coming of age in which Lockers New Negro transformed social disillusionment to race pride (Fonder, 2009). Out of Harlem came works of literary, musical and fine arts that spoke to the contribution of African-Americans, and forced the white power arrangement to recognize their contributions. The Harlem Renaissance produced novelists, poets, artists and musicians who are today considered some of the finest that America ever produced, who were mostly blacks. That is the ultimate achievement of the Harlem Renaissance. The HarlemRenaissance should be acknowledged for its contribution to changing the self- perception of blacks in America a rise in self-esteem that would in the long run transform into the Civil Rights Movement and also changed the identity of America. Works Cited Fonder, Eric. Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance. (2009 ). Web. 24 Feb.. 2014. Huggins, Nathan. Harlem Renaissance. Oxford University Press, 2007. Hutchinson, George. Harlem Renaissance. Harlem Renaissance. (2013). Web. 24 Feb.. 2014. Locke, Lain Leroy. The New Negro. Touchstone, 1999. Tate, Eleanor. Celestas Harlem Renaissance. Little Brown and CO, 2009.Harlem RenaissanceJonathan Validates The Harlem Renaissance An era of Social Change Thesis The sasss Harlem Renaissance was an era that provided an opportunity of literary and artistic advancement for African Americans. The movement also reached social ideal of sociology, and philosophy. Writers like Longboats Hughes and Counted Sullen promoted social equality through obscure themes and morals expressed in their writings. With its origins in Harlem, New York the renaissance affected the United States through literature, drama, music, visual art, and dance.At this time African Americans began to form themselves an identity and individual ultra for progress. rivalry l Problems that led to the Harlem Renaissance During this time period the American government was making political changes to the constitution. Creating and enacting laws that promoted social welfare and public awareness. Some of these key political changes were the 13th (Abolition of slavery), 14th (Citizenship status and rights), and the 1 5th amendment (Right to vote without racial discrimination) to the constitution.Other changes include the hardships and brutality of the south, The Great Migration from 1910-1930, as well as the US. Entrance to WWW. And eventually the origin of the Harlem Renaissance, and introduction to key activists. -Analysis of quotes for the political change of this time period. -Brief description of The Great migration and analysis of quotes directed toward the living conditions of 1910-1930 Harlem, midtown Manhattan, New York -e. G. Lain Locke, Longboats Hughes, and Counted Sullen -The new negro and social advancement for African Americans. * To be completed in two paragr aphs. Source 1. Schwartz, A. B. Christi. Gay Voices of the Harlem Renaissance. Bloomington Indiana University Press, c. 2003 2. Woods, Gregory. A History of Gay Literature The Male Tradition. Yale University Press, c. 1998 cause II introduction to Gay activist Ideals, Cultural changes, Key activists leaders During this time idealist leaders like W. E. B Dubious, Alleluia Walker, Claude McKay, and Longboats Hughes expressed themselves and their beliefs through actions and through pieces of writing.Another topic for discussion is the cultural change and impact the Harlem Renaissance had in the US. The Harlem Renaissance had cultural changes in which music went from classical to something more lively, sparking the ewe Jazz Age. policy-making change in which African Americans began to hold public office, enactment of laws that benefited all citizens of the US. Throughout the Harlem Renaissance period, roughly African American lesbians and gay men were merging each other.Creating a c omplex network of social structure within the gay community. Some were discreet about their sexual identities others open about their feelings. Introduction and detailed analysis of queer theory and its effects to the African American population during the Harlem Renaissance. -Explore movements and activists events that promoted acceptance and social equality. -Introduce key activists and ideals of social well being for the gay community during the Harlem Renaissance. Explore and analyze political policies that promoted discrimination and segregation of the gay population of the Harlem Renaissance. -Develop a coherent analysis of events that promoted tolerance and colonization throughout the gay community during this time period. -*To be completed in a minimum of two paragraphs. Source 1 . Sedgwick, Eve Kickoffs. Epistemology of the Closet. Berkeley University of California Press, cache Argument 3 Influences for rise Now explore and analyze which ideals have maintained strength th roughout the 21st century.Examine which activist had the most impact and how it has affected us today. As well as explore political policies today, that outlaw discrimination and promote well being for the gay community of the 21st century. Conclusion How did the Harlem Renaissance help influence progress today? Harlem Renaissance was an era of advancement and progress for the black gay community of the sasss. These ideas helped shape our ideas today. This also helped society today promote equality and tolerance today.Harlem RenaissanceThis website told all the basic information of Jessie personal and work life. The author took information from conglomerate memorials and talked about the deferent Interviews discussing Jessie. Martin Included all the sources all the deferent websites he used for information which helped me because I went on It com/online-plagiarism-checker/to check all the facts. The web document also Included all the works of Jessie Faucet Including poems, article s, and novels.Sinai, Salaam. Jessie Redmond Faucet. 1st Periods Harlem Renaissance poet page. N. P. , 18 2012. Web. 18 DCE 2012.. This website was a great website because It had a lot of Information. The author also Included some of Jessie Faucets poems and went on to write about her personal life. Simian Sinai tells about Jessie point of view as she says Jessie says she saw the good and the bad side of people. The analysis was the authors point of view on how she thinks Jessie thought and wrote her novels and poems.Handwriting, Mary. Faucet, Jessie 1882-1961 Contemporary Black Biography. 1994. Encyclopedia. Com. 18 DCE. 2012 . This website helped me because it had a lot of things I did not receive from other websites. Such as quotes and facts about Jessie Faucet , such as she was taught Latin and died two years after the death of her husband. This website is very easily readable and is highly recommended for information on basic topics. I also found out that Jessie was the seventh child and her mother soon died after having her.Her dad hen went on to marry someone who also had three kids, so she had a very large family. Basking, Andrew, and Crystal D. Thomas. Faucet,Jessie R. (1882-1961). Blacklist. Org Remembered and Reclaimed. An Online Reference Guide to African American History. Web. 18 DCE 2012. This website gave me a lot of facts that other websites didnt. A fact such as Jessie was known as the Midwife of the Harlem Renaissance. though there were two authors, I personally didnt think they give much information but they gave me enough for me to halt this project.I also found out from this website that Jessie died three years after her husband died. She died three days after her birthday. THREE By loveformusic257 author took information from various documents and talked about the different interviews discussing Jessie. Martin included all the sources all the different websites he used for information which helped me because I went on it to check all t he facts. The web document also included all the works of Jessie Faucet including poems, articles, and novels.Sinai, Simian. Jessie Redmond Faucet. 1st Periods Harlem This website was a great website because it had a lot of information. The author also included some of Jessie Faucets poems and went on to write about her personal Faucet, Jessie 1882-1961 . Contemporary Black Biography. Family. Basking, Andrew, and Crystal D. Thomas. Faucet, Jessie R. That other websites didnt. A fact such as Jessie was known as the Midwife of the Harlem Renaissance. Though there were two authors, I personally didnt think they

Lab 1: Measurement and Microscopy

Kevina smith Lab 1 Microscopy and the Metric System Part A Microscopy Purpose The purpose of this experiment was to learn how to use a microscope correctly and perform wet mount slides accurately, thus becoming more beaten(prenominal) with the microscope. opening It would be hard to use the microscope without any kind of previous training and the parts of the microscope and their functions must be learned in order to use it correctly. Materials & Methods Materials 1. get across paper 2. Tweezers 3. Pipettes 4. Cover screwballes 5. Glass slides 6. The sample material (from the pond) Methods 1.Mix sample so that the sample is properly suspend in irrigate. 2. Use a pipette to pick up or so of the sample. 3. Apply a small (dime-sized) amount onto a glass slide. 4. Take a single piece of cover glass, victimization care not to get fingerprints on it, government agency it gently onto the sample with tweezers or your hands, and at about a 45-degree angle, place the cover glass onto the glass slide. * What to do if there is too much water? 1. Place the edge/end of the filter paper against the glass slide. 2. Cover slide to remove some of the excess water to make the slide more stable to use and view under the microscope. What to do if there is not enough water? 1. any by pipette or tweezers to allow the capillary action and surface tension to pull the water in towards the sample. * What to do if the sample is not suspended in water (its a dry blood corpuscle/substance)? 1. Use the tweezers (or an early(a) pipette) and add some drops of water to a glass slide. 2. Then, add the particle to the glass slide be sure to add water to the particle as it will prevent air bubbles from forming. If the substance is hydrophobic (and contains textile fibers), assimilation oil is an acceptable substance and if its hydrophilic, water is the better. To look at water samples to ob officiate the organisms in the water, but the organism are so overlarge they become squeezed i n between the cover glass and the glass slide which causes them to be inhibited in movement. 1. Take a few drops of water and place it an inch or so from each end of the glass slide. 2. Place the cover slide on top of each of the water droplets, these cover slides serve as distance holders. 3. Place a third cover slide where the ends of the slides sit on top of the other two slides and then add the water sample under the slide, remove excess with filter paper to ensure a stable slide. ResultsDifferent Magnifications of Compound Microscope Objective Ocular electron lens Objective Lens Total Magnification Scanning Power 10x 4x 40x Low Power 10x 10x 100x High Power 10x 40x 400x Oil Immersion 10x 100x 1000x Conclusion After the completion of the testing ground experiment, the shot proved to be correct and that it would be hard to use the microscope without any kind of previous training and the parts of the microscope and their functions must be learned in order to use it properly so one must make sure that they follow the instructional video, the lab manual, and any other tools to the letter.In order to properly use a microscope, one must know the parts of a microscope optic lenses or eyepieces (to be able view an object), viewing head (holds the ocular lenses), arm (supports upper parts and provides carrying handle), nosepiece (revolving device that holds objectives), objectives (scanning (to scan the whole slide), low-power (used to view objects in greater detail), high-power(to view an object in greater detail), nd oil immersion(to view objects with the greatest magnification in conjunction with immersion oil)), stage (holds and supports microscope slides), stage clips (holds a slide in place on the stage), mechanized stage control hirers (two knobs that control forward/reverse movement and right/left movement), coarse-adjustment knob (used to bring object into approximate focus, used only with low-power objective), fine-adjustment knob (used to bring obj ect into final focus), condenser (gathers light from the lamp and directs it toward the object being viewed), diaphragm (controls the amount of light passing through the condenser), light source (an attached lamp that directs a beam of light up through the object), and base (the flat surface of the microscope that rests on the table). A microscopes field of view is the circle conspicuous through the lenses.When viewing an object on a slide under high power, the depth of field is the area (from top to bottom) that comes into focus while late focusing up and down with the microscopes fine-adjustment knob. The compound microscope is a unique tool and when used properly it can be a fun experience. Kevina Smith Lab 1 Microscopy and the Metric System Part B The Metric System Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to become familiar with using other the English system, which would be the Metric System by measuring different items. Hypothesis If you use other measurements, then you wi ll become more familiar with it. Materials & Methods Materials 1. Tape measure with centimeter markings 2.Scale that measures in grams 3. Thermometer with Celsius markings Methods 1. Measure the width of your textbook in cm and then convert to mm and record results for the lab report. 2. permute 100 grams to mg and then ? g and record results for the lab report. 3. Using a pocket scale, record the mass of an object in grams and include the visit of the object you have measured. Once you have recorded your measurement in grams, please convert that measurement to mg and then ? g and record results for the lab report. 4. Define meniscus and describe how you would read the volume of a liquid in a graduated cylinder and record results for the lab report. 5.Record the temperature of your skin and of the way in Celsius and record results for the lab report. Results The Metric System measurements 1. Linear measurements The width of the textbook is 27 cm or 270 mm. 2. Conversions 100 g to 100,000 mg or 100,000,000 ? g. 3. Weight measurements water nozzle 41. 08g or 41, 080 ? g. 4. Volume measurements The meniscus is the lowest margin of the water direct your eye has to be directly parallel to the level of the meniscus. 5. Temperature measurements Skin 30C, Room 23C. Conclusion The hypothesis is accurate, because I have used the metric system in many science and math classes and the more you use it, the more familiar you become with it.

How Students and Teachers Can Avoid and Prevent Plagiarism Essay

Plagiarism has been any and every writers concern, both in the scholarly and non scholarly sense. It is the dread term which implies various complications from those who choose to plagiarize, those plagiarized by accident, and those authors who are mere victims of such unfair treatment. From the students standpoint, great and keen consideration must be through in the process of how they choose to construct their ideas and write about a required topic.With the lenient accessibility of information within a clicks reach, plagiarism even gets more tempting. The Michigan Library Association (MLA) Forum (2008) adds With the Internet offering students such a wealth of information at their fingertips, it is no surprise that one of the main reasons that they commit acts of plagiarism is simply due to how easy and convenient it has become (n. p. ). Hence, students must understand the definitions and details of what plagiarism is and what to do and what not to do as a plagiaristic situation ar ises. Students always use plagiarism checker free.Students must maintain their academic responsibility as they fulfill the scholastic obligations. Students should be responsible in understanding and realizing other tools available to them as they fulfill certain literary requirements. The use of methods like tight-laced paraphrasing, formal, and correct citing of references, being consistent to the requirements of a specific referencing style plagiarism may be avoided given that all must be understood and soundly executed by the student.From the teachers standpoint, there are a series of issues which must be explained to the student. The clear discussion of what plagiarism is and the consequences it brings must be well and well comprehended by the students. Teachers should emphasis the valuable use and importance of the use of bibliography. As the Plagiarism. org (2008) writes Emphasize that the annotation has to be in their own voice and words, and should specifically discuss th e relevance of the source to their research (n. . ).Teachers should make themselves clear and specific in what they demand of their students. They should help exercise further the skills of their students such as by assigning the students to make a presentation which would enhance their research and idea conceptualization. It is also of beneficial importance for teachers to be creative in building their students skills in writing formal academic works.

Cassius Analysis

Edgar KarapetyanKarapetyan 1 1 October 2012 Cassius vs. Rome Character Analysis Essay The first method for estimating the intelligence of a ruler is to watch at the men he has around him. In William Shakespeargons The Tragedy Of Julius Caesar, there are many dangerous multitude who are around Caesar. Cassius, purportedly one of Caesars close friends, devises a group called the Conspirators to end Caesars time of rule. This play shows how they killing him, and how Rome goes through chaos as a result.Cassius is a fascinating character created by Shakespeare. Although Antony shows many characteristics of an intelligent person, Cassius is the smartest character in this play because he has more admirable traits. A great trait to have as an individual is the power to manipulate people into doing whatever you want. Fortunately, Cassius has that ability. After devising a plan to assassinate Caesar, he searched for a particular group of people who were powerful and had the same wish he had. The most important person for his team was Brutus. The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, but in ourselves, that we are underlings(28) is what Cassius tells Brutus to smack and pursue him to join the conspirators. He said that Caesars rise is their fault because they are not doing anything to stop it. Cassius used his smart, clever, and manipulative ways to tell Brutus that basically, you are support Rome by killing Caesar. And since you know you cannot see yourself/ so well as by reflection, I, your glass/ Will modestly discover to yourself(25) is said to Brutus to stockpile him to join the conspiracy because Cassius will help him find himself.It is this manipulative ability that allows Cassius to carry out his plan and, ultimately, kill Caesar. Imagine how difficult it would be to kill a ruler. It is practically impossible unless you have the mind of a genius and the sharpness of a killer. Thanks to Cassius clever mind and precise planning, he accomplish this goal. Even though he ended up killing himself, he successfully completed his mission. . He reads much/He is a great observer, and he looks/ Quite through the deeds of men(30-31) is said by Julius Caesar to describe Cassius. This shows that even though Julius Caesar is a stubborn, selfish person, he sees Cassius power.Cassius was like Michael Jordan in the 1991 NBA Finals. He was committed to succeeding his mission no matter what it took. Yond Cassius has a lean and hungry look He thinks too much such men are dangerous(30). Based on what Caesar said about Cassius, this shows that he is so focused, other people can easily see it in his face. Cassius used his skills for the impose on _or_ oppress reasons, but you can definitely see what kind of person he really is. The flaw that Cassius has that is very easily seen throughout this play is his jealousy of Caesar. Cassius wants the people to look at him the way they look at Caesar. But in ourselves, that we are underlings. Brutus and Caesar what should be in that Caesar? Why should that name be sounded more than yours? (28). By trying to kill him, he thought that they would see him and Brutus as their saviors, but, instead, they saw them as traitors of Rome due to Antonys words. I was born free as Caesar so were you / we both have fed as well, and we can both / Endure the winters cold as well as he(27) is what Cassius says about Caesar. Cassius believes that he is just as great as Caesar and does not think that Caesar should be treated specially.Cassius eye for power is what causes him to kill himself. He saw that his plan had done for(p) too far and that he would be captured so he committed suicide. Unlike Cassius, Brutus had killed Caesar for the love of Rome. Cassius is truly the villain in this story by Shakespeare. The just thing necessary for the triumph of villains is for good men to do nothing Edmund burke. In William Shakespeares The Tragedy Of Julius Caesar, the good men of Rome do not allow the villain, wh ich in this case is Cassius, to go without being punished.They pursue him until he is forced to commit suicide. Among these good people, there is Octavius, Lepidus, and most importantly, Antony. Sometimes, the smartest character is not inevitably the good guy. Through his cleverness, manipulative ability and hate for Caesar, Cassius accomplished what was practically impossible to kill a God. Works Cited Notable Quotes in Julius Caesar. Notable Quotes in Julius Caesar. N. p. , n. d. Web. 08 Oct. 2012. http//www. shakespeare-navigators. com/JC_Navigator/notable_quotes. html.

Media Influence Essay

The Mass Media is a unique feature of modern order its education has accompanied an increase in the magnitude and complexity of social actions and engagements, rapid social change, technological innovation, rising personal income and standard of life and the decline of several(prenominal) traditional wees of control and authority.There is an association between the development of chain reactor media and social change, although the degree and channeliseion of this association is still debated upon even after days of study into media regularize. M each of the consequences, either detrimental or beneficial, which pitch been attributed to the mass media, be al roughly undoubtedly due to other(a) tendencies within society. Few sociologists would repudiate the importance of the mass media, and mass communications as a whole, as being a major calculate in the construction and circulation of social savvy and social imagery in modern societies. Therefore it is argued that the m ass media is use as an instrument, both more powerful and more flexible than anything in previous existence, for influencing people into certain modes of belief and understanding within society.The question of medias influence on society and its cultural framework has often been debated upon from leading theorists to anyone with any form of media connections, but to contemplate that a character in Coronation Street or Eastenders can have an influence on an audience members attitude, beliefs or interpretations of society is a very simplistic and debatable version of the truth. The media does influence, but using more diverse and subtle roles of impact. Some theorists suggest that it is even a case of society influencing the media and not the more widespread and presumed version.HistoryIn the early 1930s, the Payne Studies study took place into the effects and influences of the mass media on the society as a whole using, at times, theories or beliefs that dated back to the late ninet eenth century. This is regarded as one of the first in the area of or picture that the mass media has an affect on the societal attitudes and beliefs of that time.This was soon follow around ab come forth a decade later in 1941 by Katz, Berelson, and Lazarsfeld who also resolute to research into the topic of media effects, a research which produced the now commonly known Minimum Effects Model. The main aspect of this research being to analyse any possible link or factor that may influence voting behaviour. As has been described in numerous literature its husking was that the mass media played little or no part in the process of the formation of any political opinion, attitude or preference.They came to the conclusion that the biggest factor influencing people was not the media, but other people. By the 1960s, there was a revival of Marxist attitudes, and so the work of Katz, Lazarsfeld, and Berelson was largely dismissed in opt of re-examining the model of research into media e ffects, due to the modifications the mass media had undergone in the post 1941 period, to consider another way in which to investigate the influence and the effects of the media.Influence, society and individualsAs Jane Root wrote in the book Open The Box, which delves into the possibilities of media influence, It has a role in defining what we think of as a naturalit helps to map out who we think we are. To look at the medias effect and influence, there is an underlying need to define influence as we understand it in relation to society and its overall effect.Media is a major piece within society that is often linked to the conception of social influence. Society understands the spirit or belief of being influenced as an external force (the media) linking itself or connecting with a personal action or viewpoint of the recipient. (John Corner 2000 378)The forces of influence that have been described as a major power in media effects are those that are circumstantial and directed, those which can be placed within a framework or model, for example uses and gratifications,those of a generic function but ultimately those which state perspectives, interpretations, and measurements which can lead to evidence and proof.Uses & Gratifications ModelA systematic and wide used model in social sciences study of media influence over the effects on an audience concerning behaviour, attitudes and beliefs, is the theory of uses and gratifications.This theory can be linked to the notion of social belonging and how an audience can be deceived into believing that this concept can be achieved. The tenet underlying this approach to studying audiences was that individuals actively suck and use the media in order to meet certain needs. In reality, with the power belonging in the focus of the media, it can be defined as a tool of subliminal persuasion. (OSullivan, Dutton, Raymer 1998)Blumler and Katz (1974) concluded that audiences fulfilment of needs came within the broad general isation of four desires* Diversion a form of take flight or emotional release fromeveryday pressures.* Personal Relationships companionships via goggle box personalities andcharacters and soci skill done discussion about television with other people.* Personal Identity the ability to compare ones life with characters andsituations within political programs, and hence explore personal problems and perspectives.* Surveillance a supply of information about what is going on in theworld.It is believed that this need to gratify its audience with the pursuit of an idealistic social fulfilment provides the media the opportunity to convey subliminal messages that may influence our opinions, interpretations and understanding of societal factors.The thought that the media is an overwhelming force that influences their audiences by means of the means of appealing to their desires and needs, must be examined in contrast with the notion that every one is free. substance that the mass me dias audience can resist being controlled, simply through choice. An individual always has the option of simply not watching that programme or not reading that particular countersignpaper. An individual makes the choice, and the selection that is made will merely underpin the views and inclinations that they already have.Television ViolenceIt is believed that the most heavy(a) sign of the mass medias influence is the link to violent programmes and violence within society. Some, technological determinists extend to the belief that the television has altered the world, and it is an evil thing that rots the minds of young.Television characters are repeatedly recognized as heroes, due to the gaining of respect and numerous other re contendds through their actions, they are especially likely to be imitated. For warrant at the height of its British dominance of childrens television, The Power Rangers were the cause of a large number of accidents, injuries and quarrels that its young au dience endured due to the imitation of the characters movements and actions.It may also act as a cue to aggressive behaviour, through desensitisation, uninhibitedness and stimulation. Scenes of violence in a horror film allegedly influenced the twain accused ten year olds involved in the infamous James Bulger murder, in which a young boy was abducted and killed. It issaid that they undertook the resulting actions after becoming intrigued and frenzied by the violent scenes within the horror movie Childs Play. At the accused trial the defence made an attempt to present an argument that their actions could be explained through their fascination to television and films which distorted their understandings of society, reality and moral values.Also, it has been noted that naturally aggressive people may simply choose and prefer to watch more violent programmes than of any other nature. Friedrich and Stein found that aggressive-prone children are likely to become even more aggressive af ter watching violent television.A report made by the United States Surgeon General concluded that television violence is influential, as many as 25% of child viewers may be affected. But what it doesnt take into account is that other research undertaken had shown, that from over 300 studies using numerous amounts of children, there was no direct effect of the violence portrayed through the mass media on the youth of contemporary society, though there is considerable disagreement between different studies. For causa it could be concluded that violence can never be considered the sole cause of delinquent behaviour, it may possibly just act to reinforce or affect those that are already prone to such tendencies.These examples have been noted as possible indications of the effects of the mass media through the means of expression of television violence, but the media is accused of also acting in more subliminal ways when looked at through the vehicle of the print based and television ne ws. intelligenceThe mass media present a stereotyped picture of life, which can often lead to undesirable prejudices within not just field of study, but international, society. The mass media and in particular the television and print based news are often accused as being a significant source, in wide ranging and vary ways, of enhancing common stereotypes. It is argued now that in the case of women, ethnic groups, the disabled, certain professions, the old, thephysically unattractive and even nationalities are all presented according to accepted stereotypes.As the war on terrorism in Afghanistan rages on the news that has come from that region has had exactly the same type of subliminal messaging that was continually occurring in the disjunction War press. The aim of that journalism was to distinguish the language concerning both sides that were at war. During the Gulf War the descriptions given to the opposite sides were of a distinct nature as to enhance the British reputation and to condemn the Saddam regime. British troops took out, suppressed and eliminated their opposition because of an old fashioned sense of duty because they are professionals, brave and lion-hearted, whereas Saddams army simply killed and destroyed because they feared Saddam and were cowardly and Bastards of Baghdad (OSullivan, Dutton, Rayner 199880).These binary oppositions are used as a form of media propaganda, the conscious manipulation of information in order to gain political advantage. By using the media as a tool of manipulation the Conservative organization of the Gulf War era and the Labour government of the present day have effectively stereotyped the opposition in order to provide national unity and enhance their own political agendas. Studies have also been carried out to study the effects of television on political behaviour, with Blumler (1970) as just one, last-place that television had little or no discernible influence over the viewer.Construction of the news is a nother way in which the mass media can have an influence over the masses. Through the placement of certain aspects of, for example, a news feature or the selective process made by editors it preserves the notion of media influence continually. Television and print based news, due primarily to their fixation with crime and violence arguably has a pessimistic impact upon our societal behaviour. The news can be described as being an oxymoron giving us the skin of the truth stuffed with a lie. I personally do not harbour with this as I consider that largely news does not lie, except it does not inform the audience of the entire truth by omitting the less fire and dramatic parts. A news program isprimarily focused on the facts, but for the purposes of television and the print based media they tend to emphasise on the dramatic, generally violent stories and images to capture and sustain its audience, under the facade of keeping it informed. The medias influence through the news is that it affects the public both consciously and subconsciously, and in some cases sends us about our go throughs unnecessarily fearing the remote dangers that we see excessively portrayed in the news.StereotypingChildrens programmes especially have a tendency to amplify stereotypes, presenting goodies and baddies within episodes. The confirmation of their stereotypes may makes children opinion more comfortable with themselves if they can place someone within a group. Also some children often only have their fulfill with some minority groups through the television. Greenfield (1984) found that Sesame Streets use of ethnic and disabled minorities has had positive affects on children, particularly those from the minority groups who feel greater cultural pride and self-confidence. Certain events are over-reported, such as violent or sex crimes, and this acts to alter public opinion. Cohen (1965) suggests that the media creates moral panics by widely reporting an initially minor event, w hich leads to further comprehensive reports, detection of causes or troublemakers.RadioCantril (1940) is often referred back upon as a classic example of how the mass media can influence through the gaining of trust. It refers to an incident in the late thirties that caused a widespread public panic in America after a radio station broadcast of H.G.Wells fictional narrative War of the Worlds. The production involved a series of news bulletins in which the reporter gave a live account of a Martian invasion. A lot of listeners had tuned in a few moments after the show had begun and so, apparently unaware that the program was of a sham nature, believed what they were hearing was the truth and so began becoming hysterical, with some taking to the streets and others even packing up their belongings asquickly as they could and driving tally in order to avoid the attacks.Cantrils study was the documentation of media-social relations at the time and so the invasion pointed towards the inf luence that the radio had over the masses, as they truly believed the broadcast. The primary factor in the invasion was the trust that the public had in radio journalism being unwittingly extended to a applicative simulation. What was evident from this episode was the steady, gradual and routine influence that the mass media as a whole had exerted, led to the radio broadcasts listeners faith that they were being attacked (Corner 2000 385).This case has been cited as being an excellent example of the Hypodermic Needle Model, a hypothesis which asserts that the media are dominant agents of influence, capable of injecting ideas and behaviours directly into fairly inert audiences of quarantined individuals. It could also be marked down as not only showing the behavioural changes that can arise from a single piece of media end product but also the underlying example of media influence that experts have looked for through experiments or fieldwork.ConclusionIn closing, there are perceiv ed to be ever changing views on the influence that is exerted by the mass media. At first there was the attitude that the media was forcing itself upon us in such a way as to exert its influence and shape our beliefs, actions and values. Now though as time has moved on, theorists are thinking about this area of research in other ways and through diverse approaches. There was a shift in the perspective of researchers within audience reception in the seventies and is evident no(prenominal) more so than in the statement made by James Halloran (1970)We must get away from the habit of thinking in terms of what the media do to people and substitute for it the idea of what people do with the media.The technological determinist view, which states an overemphasis on the part of the mass media as the major, if not solitary cause of societal andcultural changes, which have effected actions and beliefs, is not the view that I personally would concur with. In my opinion the mass media is an in credible tool of persuasion and could influence somebody undoubtedly. Mass media audiences are arguably on the whole not passive, and so the amount of influence that is exerted upon the recipient depends entirely on the individual. As most pieces of media output are polysemic in nature, meaning that it is capable of having different meanings and readings from person to person (OSullivan, Dutton, Rayner 1998327), the way in which, or by how much, an individual is influenced is entirely through choice.Bibliography* OSullivan, Dutton, Rayner (1998) Arnold PublishersStudying The Media Second EditionThe following authors were cited from Studying The Media Second EditionJames Halloran (1970)Blumler and Katz (1974)James Curran & Michael Gurevitch (2000) Arnold PublishersMass Media And Society Third EditionChapter 19 John Corner (2000)Within Chapter 19, written by John Corner the following authors were citedCantril (1940)Blumler (1970)* John Eldridge, Jenny Kitzninger, Kevin Williams (1997) Oxford Uni. PressIncThe Mass Media & Power In forward-looking BritainThe following authors were cited from The Mass Media & Power In Modern BritainGreenfield (1984)Friedrich and SteinUnited States Surgeon General ReportCohen (1965)* Jane Root (Unknown) (Unknown)Open The Box