Essay about Australian Tariffs - 661 Words

Should Australia reintroduce tariffs for the car industry? Australia’s automotive industry is a significant contributor and major employer to the national economy. But the economy is in crisis. The greatest problem for the automotive industry is the mindset of the cabinets. Cabinets became downright apoplectic and argue that tax payers should not support a failing industry, and they vehemently combat the automotive industry policy as a matter of principle. The truth is, Australia cannot afford losing its car industry. Several academic investigations have been conducted about how this industry contributes to national economy, and the answer couldn’t be clearer: it would cost Australia more losing its automotive industry rather than†¦show more content†¦Regarding subsidies, the Australian government applies rates on several ambits, like home care, oxygen and enteral feeding or residential respite – and this is only about healthcare. To be honest, Australia has a balanced taxing system, with rates that are internationally lower than other countries’ rates; besides, there exists a real need for a tax system for the government to have enough resources to ensure a decent lifestyle for its citizens and to provide them with the basic human needs. Leaving aside rates like those meant to regulate industries like the automotive one, it seems that Australia has a fair economic system, not meant for crippling the citiz en’s economy, but rather to ensure that all the people’s resources paid in the form in taxes contribute to the general wellbeing. Who do you think are the winners / losers from such protectionist measures? Ultimately, the citizens are the most benefited or prejudiced by these taxes and subsidies. As it has been said before, Australia’s rates and tariffs are significantly lower when compared to those that other countries apply; and the income that results from these said payments should be applied on new infrastructure, on attending the people’s needs, and on ensuring that unforeseen disasters will be properly faced and answered. This is the ideal system of taxing and applying tariffs: for the country’s money to serve the country’s needs. Still, applying additional taxes to industries orShow MoreRelatedProtections Against Dumping Products676 Words   |  3 Pagesimporting and exporting which would help advance economic growth and development. However, in spite of these gains, every country tries to protect certain industries from entering into their markets through the placement of legal restrictions like tariffs/quotas so as to reduce the threat of external competition and protect domestic employment. This is known as protectionism. 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American Journalism, By Joe Sacco - 1510 Words

Normally, the role of a journalist is minimal. Journalists record. As the goal of most western journalists is to appear impartial to what they record, journalists denote little of their own opinion in their findings from witnesses and from where they travel. However, Joe Sacco disregards the notion of objectivity in American Journalism, claiming it to be impossible, when both he and those who tell Sacco their stories all inevitably hold prejudices towards these stories and events. Instead, he chooses to include himself amongst the retelling of the stories of victims, in his collective novel known as Journalism. He embraces his role in the narrative, and does not attempt to overload the reader with multiple accounts of what happened. In†¦show more content†¦The circumstances reach a climax during World War II, when the Chechens collaborated with the Nazi-Germany invaders, who exchanged the Chechens a chance at freedom for information to defeat and occupy Russian territories. After Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union, received word of this betrayal, he ordered a massive deportation of Chechens to the regions of Kazakhstan and Siberia. Stalin punished the Chechens severely out of fear; these Soviet Union regions, such as Chechnya, provided a wall of protection for the internal â€Å"Russian† region, where their political system and strength lied. When the negotiation between the Nazi’s and the Chechens ensued, Stalin feared that Germany’s hope to destroy the Soviet Union Empire could be realized. To prevent the fall of the Soviet Union, it is estimated that Stalin deported between 400,000 and 800,000 Chechens to collective farms in Kazakhstan and other regions. The harsh conditions of their forced migration took the lives of an estimated 100,000 Chechens. While the Chechens were allowed to return home in 1956 after the death of Joseph Stalin, Chechnya is still a region of political turmoil due to the anti-Russian and pro-nationalism mentalities of the Chechens, as well as conflict over oilShow MoreRelatedHistory With The Writing Of Trauma1041 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican historian Dominick LaCapra closely connects the writing of history with the writing of trauma. Sacco succeeds at â€Å"reconstructing the past as objectively as possible† (LaCapra 186), particularly when depicting victim’s testimonies. It is under this framework that allows Sacco to include this type of tragic humor; he is not poking fun at the civilians/victims, but instead reveals the absurdity of the entire war. The conflict stirred when Serbs and Bosnians wanted control of the same territoryRead MorePalestine, By Joe Sacco1809 Words   |  8 Pagespublished by Maltan journalist Joe Sacco in the early ‘90s, is a journalistic piece that represents his recollections of two months spent talking to and living with Palestinians in the Occupied Territories. The casual narrative style, which some might say is too shallow for such heavy subject matter, in fact allows Sacco to avoid many of the pit falls that have made Western reporting on non-Western conflicts unhelpful at the very least and more often incredibly damaging. Sacco starts in Cairo with a dramaticRead MoreWar Can Change The Body And The Mind1049 Words   |  5 Pagesexperienced very early in life and that it comes from being at war. Though â€Å"being at war† can have many meanings, I believe some of the books we’ve read have displayed the idea in the simplest of ways. Sections of Betool Khedairi’s, Absent, and Joe Sacco’s, Journalism, have powerful examples of what war does to the body. These works also give us insight as to how people cope with the damage done. One of the first novels this class immersed me in was Absent by Betool Khedairi. This novel depicts the struggleRead MoreCapital Of The Abbasid Caliphate Essay1951 Words   |  8 Pagesthe terrorist attacks on the twin towers on 11 September 2001, the U.S. decided to invade Iraq. The war in Iraq took place from 2003-2011, and was filled with brutality toward civilians and war crimes. In the section, Complacency Kills in Joe Sacco’s Journalism, there are a few interesting quotes regarding the treatment of Iraqi civilians by U.S. Marines. â€Å"Everyone aims their weapons at the Iraqi cars, which pull over pronto!† (78) The paranoia of the U.S. troops is certainly damaging to the trust

Morrison’s Use of Racialized Symbols in Her Novel “Beloved” Essay Sample free essay sample

Without inquiry. Beloved is a powerful history of the societal and historical elements of maternity under bondage. At the same clip. it besides reaches into deeper. more mythic degrees of maternal experience. Beloved is really much a novel of transmutation. one that is closely linked with the female blood-transformation enigmas found in antediluvian and crude civilizations. These enigmas are thought to take a adult female into the experience of her ain creativeness and to bring forth a numinous feeling on work forces. Blood. a vigorous symbol in Beloved. forms the mythic nucleus around which the text develops. Its utilizations in the fresh correspond with the three blood transmutation enigmas one time associated with the female organic structure. Menstruation is the first enigma. and its oncoming is universally regarded as a fatal minute in the life of a adult female. a mark of her entry into maturity and into the generative procedures of life. Indeed. in The Bluest Eye. an awful Claudia and Frieda regard Pecola’s menses as â€Å"sacred† ( Morrison. 28 ) . Pregnancy is the 2nd blood enigma. in which the embryo. harmonizing to crude beliefs. develops from the catamenial blood that no longer flows out of the organic structure during gestation. While gestation marks a period of profound transmutation. birth. says Neumann. heralds a â€Å"new archetypical configuration that reshapes the woman’s life down to its really depths. † After childbearing. a female parent is charged to â€Å"nourish and protect. to maintain warm and keep fast† the kid who is inordinately dependent upon her. The 3rd blood enigma occurs after childbearing with the transmutation of blood into milk. Belief in this procedure served as the footing for the aboriginal enigmas of nutrient transmutation. ( Davis. 323-40 ) The blood-transformation enigmas in Beloved are non manifested in biological order. Time is non additive in the novel. so the maps of menses. gestation. birth. and lactation are non ever preserved in their natural sequence. At times they even appear fused. This break of the natural beat of the female organic structure analogues Morrison’s portraiture of the confusion and break that bondage imposes on human lives. Furthermore. to cogently depict the novel’s blood transmutation enigmas requires that events. which are non additive to get down with. be subjected to more disordering. The first blood enigma of menses is found in Beloved in the 28 yearss of unslaved life that Sethe has with her kids at the house on Bluestone Road. The 28 yearss correspond to the lunar rhythm. but they are besides representative of the catamenial rhythm. This period marks a menarche. proposing a new beginning for Sethe. She is integrated into the community in much the same manner a immature adult female in crude society would be assimilated after the oncoming of menses. During the clip before the reaching of Schoolteacher to repossess Sethe. she is to the full immersed in the free black community. She enjoys the narratives and chumminess of both work forces and adult females and learns approximately freedom from them. how to claim herself. â€Å"how it felt to wake up at morning and make up ones mind what to make with the day† ( Morrison 95 ) . This phase of Sethe’s psychosocial integrating into the community is ephemeral. as she becomes an castaway when she kills her girl at the terminal of these 28 yearss. Pregnancy and childbearing play a polar function in Beloved and represent the 2nd blood-transformation enigma. A pregnant Sethe flees Sweet Home. and Denver’s birth during her flight to freedom is full of myth and enigma. Alternatively of the customary community of adult females present at such births. Sethe is attended by an improbable accoucheuse in the Kentucky natural states. Amy Denver. a scrappy immature white adult female flying her ain â€Å"master. † bases in blunt contrast to the black adult females who would usually be present. She is non a female parent or an experient accoucheuse. and she has merely â€Å"been shed blooding for four years† ( Morrison 83 ) . By rights. Sethe should mistrust and fear Amy Denver. but there is no difference of power between the two immature adult females since both are blowouts. Furthermore. the catholicity of female experience and the urgency of childbearing aid to unify them. Amy serves in the traditional function of a labor coach. a adult female who supports and nurtures the female parent through the troubles of childbearing. postpartum. and lactation. Before labour to the full commences. Amy â€Å"mothers† Sethe. rub downing her swollen. battered pess and singing a cradlesong learned from her ain female parent. Amy besides tenderly curates to Sethe’s excoriated back. which has been etched by Nephew’s whip into the image of a chokecherry tree incorporating a wild tangle of subdivisions. foliages. and putrid flowers. The tree. formed by Pus. blood. and raised wales of flesh. is a perverse symbol of life and female experience. with hurting. agony. and birthrate assorted together. ( Chodorow. 67-70 ) Sethe’s wounds besides represent an lettering of kinds and show how the slave mother’s organic structure distressingly served as a text written upon by the white patriarchal civilization. The wild and bloody image of the tree diagrammatically symbolizes the tangled. violent relationships that slavery frequently fostered between black adult females and white work forces. The tree serves as a stigmatization which declares that Sethe’s organic structure. like her kids. is non hers to claim. While the pregnant maternal organic structure is inscribed with symbol and significance. the oncoming of labour proves to be every bit important. Sethe’s labour Begins as she and Amy reach the river that will transport her to freedom. In a life-affirming merger of world and myth. Sethe’s H2O interruptions at the river’s border. and the amnionic fluid mixes with the Waterss of the river. As Sethe struggles to give birth in a leaking boat. the baby’s caput appears in a face-up place. The babe. unable to steer through the birth canal. becomes stuck and appears to be submerging in its mother’s blood. In a affaire dhonneur between life and decease. as blood and river H2O threaten. Amy screams â€Å"Push! † while Sethe susurrations â€Å"Pull† ( Morrison 84 ) . Therefore. two women—midwife and female parent. white and black—work together to present the babe and. symbolically. the following coevals of adult females. While Denver’s birth is given both realistic and mythic intervention. Morrison gives Beloved an dry metempsychosis of kinds. Beloved’s first visual aspect in the novel as a adult adult female is rendered through birth imagination. She cryptically emerges out of a watercourse. to the full dressed. exhausted. and unknown. Like a neonate that has undergone the long. rhythmical forces of labour in the maternal uterus and is so forced through the narrow confines of bone and tissue. Beloved emerges from H2O and prostrations on the bank of the watercourse. She is â€Å"sopping moisture. † distressingly tired. and her shallow external respiration and aching lungs suggest a neonate that has merely experienced the injury of birth and sucked in the first blasts of air outside the uterus. Although she is to the full grown and finely dressed in black with â€Å"good lacing at the pharynx and a rich woman’s chapeau. † Beloved’s visual aspect suggests a new being: Her tegument is â€Å"lineless and smooth† except for three bantam abrasions on her brow that look like â€Å"baby hair. † Childbirth imagination that parallels Denver’s birth can be seen in Sethe’s reaction to the unusual fledgling. When Sethe foremost glimpses Beloved. she is struck by a sudden. overpowering desire to urinate. Failing to make the privy. she lifts her skirts outside its door and nothingnesss an â€Å"endless† sum of H2O in the soil. Sethe herself links the urgency and the sum of her micturition with the voluminous amnionic fluid that flooded the boat when Denver was born: â€Å"But there was no stopping H2O interrupting from a breakage uterus and there was no halting now† ( Morrison 50–51 ) . Beloved’s behaviour following her â€Å"birth† resembles an infant’s. She gazes at Sethe with â€Å"sleepy eyes. † and when she is offered H2O to imbibe. she lets it dribble down her mentum without pass overing it off ( Morrison 51 ) . During the yearss following her â€Å"birth† she is incontinent. unable to walk. and invariably slumbers. Ironically. Beloved has to relearn everything and advancement through the phases of baby development. This experience continues throughout the novel as Beloved quickly passes through babyhood into egoistic toddlerhood. childhood. and disruptive adolescence. During each phase. Beloved is obsessed with her â€Å"mother† to a grade that surpasses normal mother-child bonds. She and Sethe engage in a eccentric dance of proving and researching their relationship. of showing and moving out the choler. guilt. and ambivalency that fury between them. Beloved seems set on devouring her female parent out of both love a nd hatred. Sethe is â€Å"licked. tasted. eaten by Beloved’s eyes† during her childish province ( Morrison 57 ) . As an angry kid. Beloved tries to choke Sethe. Finally she seduces her mother’s lover. All of these Acts of the Apostless symbolically culminate when Beloved takes the form of a pregnant adult female. In this province. she is the incarnation of the 2nd blood-transformation enigma of blood forming into life. Beloved’s association with blood and the 2nd transmutation enigma is apparent during other phases of her being every bit good. In Beloved’s first embodiment. as a existent kid. her female parent murders her instead than see her returned to slavery. To forestall her recapture by Schoolteacher. Sethe takes a hand saw to Beloved’s pharynx. and her near-decapitation spills rivers of blood onto the floor of the hovel. This despairing act represents a corruption of the 2nd blood-transformation enigma. Blood that would usually organize life is alternatively associated with decease. However. decease is non the concluding phase. as the murdered kid is transformed in ways that parallel female blood transmutations. The pulsation ruddy pool that appears at the beginning of the novel is the embodiment of the blood spilt in the hovel. It besides represents the aboriginal mass of blood and catamenial fluids waiting to organize into life once more. which it does when the to the full grown Beloved emerges out of the watercourse. Through this imagination. Morrison. as in The Bluest Eye. enacts a rough alteration of the African position noted by Christian which links pregnancy with â€Å"the fantastic creativeness of the Earth. † Morrison shows how slavery subverts the most indispensable myths and basic truths of maternity. The pulsation ruddy pool besides suggests the nonspecific thrusts and pulsions of Kristeva’s semiotic chora. the maternal infinite underlying the symbolic. With the maternal organic structure â€Å"as the gateway between the semiotic and the symbolic. † harmonizing to Alice Adams. both the uterus and chora effort â€Å"to create something ( organic structure or intending ) from nil. † Until Beloved’s narrative is to the full articulated and significance is made of Sethe’s maternal experience. Morrison keeps both contained within the â€Å"nonexpressive. † nonlanguage kingdom of the chora. manifested through the cryptic pulsation ruddy visible radiation that haunts Sethe’s house. Grewal identifies the house at 124 Bluestone Road as a metaphor for female interiority and sees Beloved as a â€Å"ghostly figure that haunts her mother’s matrix. the matrix of black history. † ( Davis. 155 ) As Beloved grows and develops within S ethe’s house/womb. so does the reader’s consciousness of history and the horrors of bondage. peculiarly a woman’s experience of it. Beloved’s transmutation into an evidently pregnant adult female besides associates her with the maternal uterus and farther inverts the 2nd blood-transformation enigma. Her pregnant province is non seen as a positive. vitalizing status and alternatively parallels the negativeness ascribed to the maternal uterus ( and to women’s function in general ) in symbolic discourse. Harmonizing to Lorraine Gauthier. Kristeva sees women’s function in society as â€Å"a negative 1. in which adult females invariably expose the spreads in masculinist symbolic discourse. † ( Gauthier. 41-46 ) Beloved is a most baleful presence. To the community. she is a â€Å"devil-child. † clever and beautiful. and represents what the community would instead deny and bury ( Morrison 261 ) . As the incarnation of the yesteryear. Beloved is a life uterus. a depository of narratives from the dismaying annals of bondage. As such. she non merely challenges patriarchal discourse and its authorship of history but besides threatens to interrupt the new. unslaved lives that persons in the community have managed to construct for themselves. ( Mobley. 189-201 ) Sethe’s perceptual experience of Beloved. nevertheless. is rather different. Beloved is her restored girl whom she is willing to protect and kill for if necessary. Indeed. the full rhythm threatens to get down once more when Sethe imagines that another white adult male. Edward Bodwin. is coming for her kids. Alternatively of killing the grownup Beloved. Sethe onslaughts Bodwin. This clip the community successfully intervenes to forestall farther bloodletting. Meanwhile. Beloved is transformed once more. She vanishes into the forests. a mythic. bare adult female with fish for hair. Although Beloved disappears in this novel. she will be reincarnated as Joe Trace’s crude female parent. Wild. who haunts the forests in Jazz. ( Gates. 78-80 ) Lactation and chest milk constitute the 3rd and concluding blood-transformation enigma evident in Beloved. Like blood. milk is a powerful and permeant symbol in the novel. A â€Å"privileged† mark of the maternal. it is a metaphor for nonspeech in Kristeva’s theorisation and serves as a precursor to linguistic communication in Beloved. A consolidative component that links female parent and girls. milk is besides a symbolic reminder of the female parent lingua that has been silenced and that Sethe. Denver. and Beloved subsequently reclaim. Milk is cardinal to the text in other ways as good. The larceny of Sethe’s chest milk provides the critical occasion that sets events in gesture and finally impel Sethe to flight. When Schoolteacher’s nephews attack the pregnant and breastfeeding Sethe. they engage in an act of sexual. racial. and maternal befoulment that represents a complete perversion of the 3rd female blood-transformation enigma. Sethe’s pregnancy offers her no protection from force. merely as it failed to relieve other slave adult females. ( Angela. . 2-15 ) Jacqueline Jones tells how blood and milk frequently flowed together during the tannings of nursing female parents. She describes how trenches were dug to suit the abdomens of pregnant adult females during tannings and afford their unborn kids. the master’s valuable belongings. some protection. As â€Å"graves for the life. † ( Jacqueline. 20 ) these trenches served as a symbol of how women’s functions as workers and kid carriers ironically and violently came together. Quite literally. their organic structures served as the terrain upon which the patriarchate was erected. ( Kristeva. 173-74 ) With a hole dug to protect the unborn Denver. Sethe is whipped and silenced ; she bites off a piece of her lingua during the ordeal. This image mirrors the silencing of Sethe’s female parent. who wore â€Å"the bit† clamped upon her lingua so frequently that her lips were forced into a lasting smiling: â€Å"When she wasn’t smiling she smiled† ( Morrison 203 ) . Unlike Ma’am. who was hanged. Sethe regains her will and voice following the onslaught by Schoolteacher’s nephews. The larceny of her milk makes Sethe all the more determined to acquire milk to her infant girl in Ohio. even â€Å"if she ha [ s ] to swim† ( Morrison 83 ) . Subsequently. when she recounts the onslaught to Paul D. her repeated. indignant calls of â€Å"they took my milk† demonstrates that she is able to give voice to the indefinable misdemeanor she endured ( Morrison 17 ) . Her words besides suggest the plaint of slave female parents who were forced to func tion as wet nurses and supply attention and attending to the master’s kids at the disbursal of their ain. After giving birth to Denver following her flight from Sweet Home. Sethe has two kids to nurse. Milk therefore continues as a powerful symbol of the maternal throughout the novel. It represents life. nutriment. and maternal nurturance while everything in the civilization and environment conspires to destruct such forces. Breast-feeding maintains the mutualism begun during gestation and strengthens the mother-infant bonds necessary for healthy growing and development. However. in Beloved this procedure is interrupted and subverted when Sethe and her kids are tracked down. In the horrifying killing scene in the hovel. the symbols of blood and milk fuse together in a perverse mixture of life and decease. Keeping both a dead kid and a populating one. Sethe forces a bloody mammilla into her unrecorded baby’s oral cavity. Thus. Denver takes her mother’s milk and the blood of her sister at the same clip. This act brings together the primary functions of adult females as female parent. girl. and sister. Later. in an image that reinforces the self-contradictory merger of life. decease. and maternity. the hot Sun prohibitionists Sethe’s blood-and-milk-soaked frock â€Å"stiff. like asperity mortis† ( Morrison 153 ) . The dried blood and milk therefore make a vermilion emblem upon Sethe’s frock. typifying her pregnancy and her wickedness of make bolding to claim her kids as her ain. As in The Bluest Eye and Sula. the maternal organic structure serves as a critical beginning of myth and metaphor in Beloved. However. Beloved does non reflect the same dichotomizing of organic structure and voice shown in the earlier novels. Body and voice are efficaciously split in The Bluest Eye. and voice is all but absent in Sula. In Beloved. Morrison seems purpose on uniting these two facets of the maternal in order to picture a more holistic and corporate rendition of female experience. The fact that Morrison so aggressively foregrounds the mother’s organic structure and her experience of childbearing and lactation basically gives voice to the maternal experience. Ultimately. nevertheless. voice evolves through the female experiences linking coevalss of adult females in Beloved. These connexions are forged chiefly through linguistic communication and storytelling. even when the female parent lingua has been silenced and forgotten. This is apparent in the character of Nan. who spoke the linguistic communication and is the depository of women’s narratives from the past extending back to Africa. and in Sethe. who heard the linguistic communication of Nan and her â€Å"Ma’am† as a kid and attempted to pick â€Å"meaning out of a codification she no longer understood† ( Morrison 62 ) . These connexions are farther entrenched in Denver. the keeper of her mother’s narratives. Denver in bend uses these narratives as a net to keep Beloved. Like the blood and milk that fuses the two sisters together in the hovel. Sethe’s narratives bind the characters together. The female connexions besides lead to Baby Suggs. the Great Mother who is the religious voice of her community. While Sethe is strongly aligned with the maternal organic structure. Baby Suggs epitomizes voice. Like that of Claudia’s female parent in The Bluest Eye. her voice is given full scope of look. Before Sethe’s reaching at 124 Bluestone Road. the house mirrors Baby Suggs’s spirit and voice: It is â€Å"a cheerful buzzing house where Baby Suggs. sanctum. loved. cautioned. fed. chastised. and soothed† ( Morrison 86–87 ) . In her discourses. her voice achieves even greater virtuosity: Baby Suggs preaches. prays. advises. sings. and cries. She exhorts the people of her community to give voice to their ain spirits—to laugh. call. and sing. However. when she commands them to dance. to touch one another. and to love every portion of their flesh—â€Å"Love it hard†¦ . You got to love it†Ã¢â‚¬â€Baby Suggs celebrates the physical organic structure every bit good ( Morrison 88 ) . Rather than dichotomising organic structure and voice. Baby Suggs integrates them. Her exhortations reveal an natural knowing that a to the full integrated ego is critical to both single and community individualities. every bit good as to the physical and religious endurance of all. ( Grewal. 140-73 ) Baby Suggs embodies Abena Busia’s thought that the orality of black women’s traditions in African and diaspora civilizations plays a critical function in communal endurance. In add-on. she â€Å"nurture [ s ] the spoken word† in the same mode that Karla F. C. Holloway ascribes to black adult females authors. ( Busia. 1-41 ) Through her vocals. narratives. and discourses. Baby Suggs celebrates linguistic communi cation. serves as the unwritten archive of her community. and preserves civilization and memory. ( Holloway. 31-38 ) Such holistic integrating of organic structure and voice. ego and community becomes Baby Suggs’s bequest to Sethe. Denver. and Beloved. In separate chapters. the three achieve voice through first-person interior soliloquies that articulate their single experiences. with Beloved making into the past to voice even Ma’am’s experience of the Middle Passage. In the poetic â€Å"rememory† transition. all of the voices are unified. intermixing female parent. girl. and sister into one. With amazing familiarity. Sethe. Denver. and Beloved engage in what Morrison deems â€Å"a sort of dirge in which they exchange ideas like a duologue. or a tripartite conversation. but mute †¦ unuttered. † ( Darling. 5-6 ) Beloved You are my sister You are my girl You are my face ; you are me I have found you once more ; you have come back to me You are my Beloved You are mine You are mine You are mine ( Morrison 216 ) These lines reflect a sort of female interiority and internal voice originating from a maternal beginning. The fluid boundaries within the transition suggest the fluidness of women’s organic structures and linguistic communication that Helene Cixous postulates. Given the accent on milk throughout the novel. the transition besides mirrors the associations Cixous makes between milk and the renewal of the maternal voice. In The Newly Born Woman. Cixous writes: â€Å"Voice: milk that could travel on everlastingly. Found once more. The lost mother/ bitter-lost. Eternity: is voice assorted with milk. † ( Cixous. 93 ) Morrison achieves the same sense of reunion in the rememory transition and in the chest milk imagination she uses throughout the novel. peculiarly the scene where Denver takes the blood of her sister along with Sethe’s milk. The amalgamate voices in the rememory transition. like the blended blood and milk. reflect women’s multiple functions and defi ne the intricate nature of female relationships. â€Å"I have found you once more †¦ You are mine† could mention to fuss. girl. or sister rather interchangeably. but the words besides comprise a renewal of memory. individuality. and the female parent lingua long denied by the slaveholding patriarchate. The transition efficaciously integrates female and racial experiences into one voice. It besides foreshadows Sethe’s find of ego at the terminal of the novel. her startled realisation that she is her ain â€Å"best thing† ( Morrison 273 ) . This constitution of both single and corporate individualities is possibly the ultimate generative experience. Therefore. in Beloved the maternal becomes something more than blood and milk. widening beyond entirely female maps into a more cosmopolitan kingdom. ( Byerman. 121-28 ) It is a spirit that infuses. undergirds. and transforms human experience. Most significantly. the maternal in Beloved emerges as a force that celebrates both the person and a people and gives voice to their experiences. Although its concluding chapter insists â€Å"This is non a narrative to go through on. † the novel is a powerful testament to the importance of memory. recollection. and the maternal ( Morrison 275 ) . Beloved is a narrative that must be passed on. Toni Morrison has created Beloved non merely to demo the agencies of anguish. penalty and whippings of the white people upon slaves but besides to let the reader to understand black people’s universe and see them as worlds. Sethe’s despairing actions prove her to be a female parent in the existent sense of the word. contrary to what black slaves where: merely used to engender. reduced to the province of an animate being. ( Lidinsky. 191-216 ) But Beloved. holding the head of a kid can non understand Sethe’s actions and will stop up by taking retaliation. working her manner into her mother’s head and destroying her wholly. From this point of position it can be said that Beloved is merely Sethe’s shade. because she merrily accepts the state of affairs and still moans her babe. No kid born in bondage is due to remain with his female parent or alive even. That is why Sethe’s boys ran off. her hubby has gone insane and likely died. Beloved was killed. The lone â€Å"miracle† is Denver. who was brought into the universe by a white miss born on the tally and the lone 1 who was able to remain with her female parent. The fact that she sucked blood along with the milk is demoing. in an highly tragic manner. that the decease of her sister had given her life. What white people did to the slaves was non merely the larceny of their freedom. but along with force they had played with their heads. shaped their personalities with their actions. and changed their lives everlastingly. There is a really unusual scene when Sethe is at the glade. Beloved comes over and starts snoging Sethe’s cervix. Finally. Sethe pulls off and she smells Beloved breath. Sethe describes it as smelling â€Å"exactly like new milk† . Then Sethe goes on to state Beloved that’s she’s â€Å"too old for that. † I believe that â€Å"that† was nursing. Beloved was seeking to nurse off Sethe like she did when she was a babe. After the skating escapade. when Beloved. Denver and Sethe were at place. Sethe hears Beloved humming a melody that Sethe made up herself. That is the incident that eventually convinces Sethe that Beloved is her girl. The lone manner the Beloved could cognize the vocal is if Sethe had sung it to her. And the lone manner Sethe would hold sung the vocal to her is if she were Sethe’s kid. When a individual dies. certain things happen to their organic structures. For case. they become really cold because the bosom is no longer pumping blood through the organic structure. All the blood Michigan. and settles everything cools off. Besides. organic structures become really dehydrated because there are no more fluids being ingested. When Beloved arrives. she is really cold and drinks a batch of H2O. An account of her desiccation and coldness is that she had been dead. ( Harris. 220-25 ) Through her use of symbolism. Morrison exposes the internal struggles that impede her characters. By contrasting those persons. she shows calamity in the human status. ( Henderson. 79-106 ) Both Sethe and Beloved suffer the annihilating emotional effects of that one fatal event: while the guilty female parent who lived garbages to passionately love once more. the girl who was betrayed battles heaven and hell- in the name of love- merely to populate once more. Sethe was a adult female who knew how to love. and finally fell to destroy because of her â€Å"too-thick love† ( Morrison. 164 ) . Within Sethe was the power of unconditioned love for her children– she had â€Å"milk plenty for all† ( Morrison. 201 ) . Morrison uses breast milk to typify how strong Sethe’s maternal desires were. She could neer bury the panic of the school teacher robbing her of her nurturing juices. she crawled on shed blooding limbs to make full her baby’s oral cavity with he r milk. and eventually. she immortalized that inexorable summer twenty-four hours when she fed Denver her chest milk– mingled with blood. The beastly image of milk and blood farther fortifies the distinction of maternal inherent aptitude by portraying the value of a mother’s milk as equal to that of her blood. And the great deepness of Sethe’s maternal love is expressed through the class of all events: she loved her kids so much she was willing to decease with them. so much she would instead kill them than hold them endure. and so much that after that one fatal afternoon. her full life’s felicity dwindled off to near-nothingness. When the school teacher came for them. Sethe â€Å"just flew. [ She ] collected every spot of the life she made†¦ [ to ] a topographic point where no 1 could ache them† ( Morrison. 163 ) . It was Sethe’s overmastering love for her kids that drove her towards a despairing effort to kill them. Morrison makes the individuality of Beloved equivocal through such mentions. Whilst leting it to be imaginable that Beloved is a existent individual she besides uses mentions to Sethe noticing that her breath smelled ‘exactly like new milk’ ( Morrison. 99 ) and her ain narrative that a ‘miraculous Resurrection of Beloved’ ( Morrison. 105 ) had taken topographic point. to give a supernatural component to Beloved’s character. With Sethe as a major character. Morrison really describes every black adult male or adult female who was non allowed to be human and reduced to the province of an animate being. ( Wendy. 233-44 ) Sethe’s love for her kids. nevertheless has turned her into a hero and given her the strength to contend against the white people. run off and face decease. To her. decease is a alleviation instead than an terminal. She is more than a slave adult female. and. merely as she hurt even when mosquitoes bit her kids. she is aching every twenty-four hours of her life for the loss of her babe miss. She decided to kill all her kids when the white work forces entered into her pace. but merely managed to kill her oldest girl. Desperate. believing about her kids holding to be slaves. beaten and abused. raped and tortured. with no free will and no power. she chose the lone thing she could: to put them free. ( Krumholz. 107-25 ) The greatest act of love put her in prison and brought upon her the hate of her neighbours. Though Beloved brings discord and division to the integrity implied by the shadows of the three returning from the carnival. her visual aspect in the flesh makes an immediate feeling on Sethe. who welcomes her into 124. When Sethe sees the face of the miss who comes out of the H2O and says she is thirsty. Sethe’s vesica filled to capacity†¦ . She neer made the privy. Right in forepart of its door she had to raise her skirts. and the H2O she voided was endless. Like a Equus caballus. she thought. but as it went on and on she thought. No. more like deluging the boat when Denver was born. So much H2O Amy said. â€Å"Hold on. †¦ You traveling to drop us you keep that up. † But there was no stopping H2O interrupting from a breakage uterus and there was no fillet now. ( Morrison. 51 ) As Beloved gulps H2O from a Sn cup offered by Paul D. Sethe voids her ain H2O. Although Beloved is an eldritch reminder of Sethe’s vitalizing force—and in a really existent sense Sethe here gives birth to Beloved—Beloved is besides capable of sucking vitalizing H2O out of Sethe and devouring it for herself. Deep in the watery topographic point from which she came. Beloved seems to hold swum with Sethe’s dead ego. the portion that is unapproachable by anyone. While she was on the span person told her about â€Å"this house† ( Morrison. 65 ) . Beloved tells Sethe. â€Å"She told me† ( Morrison. 65 ) . Sethe thinks that the â€Å"she† to whom Beloved refers â€Å"’Must be person from the old yearss. ’†¦ The yearss when 124 was a manner station where messages came and so their transmitters. Where spots of intelligence soaked like dried beans in spring water—until they were soft plenty to digest† ( Morrison. 65 ) . The deduction is that Beloved is a sort of message sent by Sethe to herself. Thesheis Sethe. the Sethe that is dead and that wants to populate. and that has Beloved as afilter.as a reflective. watery mirror with which to retrieve herself. The eldritch feeling occurs because Sethe is facing a portion of herself that has b ecome distorted by the Waterss of her rememory. unrecognisable because of long separation. and because that portion has degraded and become assorted up with others’ dead yet unsolved pieces of the yesteryear. ( Mbalia. 89-94 ) Sethe is reduced to bovine-like position as a â€Å"grotesque lampoon of Madonna and kid. † In fact. â€Å"Sethe’s milk. like her labour and the fruits of her uterus. is expropriated. But the larceny of her ‘mother’s milk’ suggests the expropriation of her future—her ability to raising and guarantee the endurance of the following coevals. † ( Henderson. 89 ) If Sethe’s minute of being â€Å"raped† of her milk seals her individuality as a Persephone figure. 1 that is divided from the female parent. her ain maternal function has besides been jeopardized. The Ohio River now separates Sethe from three of her kids ; her milk has been stolen ; and the babe she is transporting will hold to undergo a unreliable flight in the uterus of a adult female who has been severely beaten. The unfastened lesion that divides her dorsum and that fusss Sethe about every bit much as the larceny of her milk marks another point of the separation of ego. By the clip Sethe recounts the incident. the lesion is nil but a arboreal cicatrix. and yet she says. â€Å"It grows there still† ( Morrison. 17 ) . For Sethe dead things seem to be â€Å"still† suspended between life and decease ; they seem ever present and yet unachievable. For case. Sethe has neer seen the tree on her dorsum. This inability to look back. every bit good as her walking backward to the grape arbor while confronting danger—a confrontation in retreat—both show Sethe’s ambivalent battle with past and future. injury and healing. Plants Cited Adams. Alice.Reproducing the Uterus: Images of Childbirth in Science. Feminist Theory. and Literature.Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 1994. Angela. . Davis. â€Å"Reflections on the Black Woman’s Role in the Community of Slaves. †Black Scholar3:4 ( 1971 ) : 2–15. Busia. Abena. â€Å"Words Whispered over Nothingnesss: A Context for Black Women’s Rebellious Voices in the Novel of the African Diaspora. † InBlack Feminist Criticism and Critical Theory.vol. 3 ofSurveies in Black American Literature.erectile dysfunction. Joe Weixlmann and Houston A. Baker Jr. . 1–41. Greenwood. Fla. : Penkevill Publishing. 1988. Byerman. Keith E. Fingering the Jagged Grain: Tradition and Form in Recent Black Fiction. Athinais: University of Georgia Press. 1985. 121-28 Chodorow Nancy. The Reproduction of Mothering. Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Uracil of California P. 1998. 67-70 Cixous. Helene. and Catherine Clement.The Newly Born Woman.Trans. Betsy Wing. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 1986. Originally published asLa Jeune Nee( Paris: Union Generale d’Editions. 1975 ) . Darling. Marsha. â€Å"In the Realm of Responsibility: A Conversation with Toni Morrison. † InConversations with Toni Morrison.erectile dysfunction. Danille Taylor-Guthrie. 246–54. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. 1994. Originally published inWomen’s Review of Books5 ( 1988 ) : 5–6. Davis. Cynthia. â€Å"Self. Society. and Myth in Toni Morrison’s Fiction. † InToni Morrison.erectile dysfunction. Harold Bloom. 7–25. New York: Chelsea House. 1990. Originally published inContemporary Literature23:3 ( 1982 ) : 323–40. Gates Henry Louis. Jr. . and K. A. Appiah. explosive detection systems. Toni Morrison: Critical Positions Past and Present. Amistad Literary Series. New York: Amistad. 1993. 78-80 Gauthier. Lorraine. â€Å"Desire for Origin/Original Desire: Luce Irigaray on Maternity. Sexuality. and Language. †Canadian Fiction Magazine57 ( 1986 ) : 41–46. Grewal. Gurleen. â€Å"Memory and the Matrix of History: The Poeticss of Loss and Recovery in Joy Kogawa’sObasanand Toni Morrison’sBeloved.† InMemory and Cultural Politicss: New Approaches to American Ethnic Literatures.erectile dysfunction. Amritjit Singh. Joseph T. Skerrett Jr. . and Robert E. Hogan. 140–73. Boston: Northeastern University Press. 1996. Harris Trudier. Fiction and Folklore: The Novels of Toni Morrison. Knoxville: Uracil of Tennessee P. 1991. 220-25 Henderson. Mae G. â€Å"Toni Morrison’s Beloved: Re-Membering the Body as Historical Text. † In Toni Morrison’s Beloved: A Casebook. erectile dysfunction. William L. Andrews and Nellie McKay. 79–106. New York: Oxford University Press. 1999. Holloway. Karla F. C.Moorings and Metaphors: Figures of Culture and Gender in Black Women’s Literature.New Brunswick. N. J. : Rutgers University Press. 1992. Jacqueline Jones ; Labor of Love. Labor of Sorrow ; Vintage ( July 12. 1986 ) . 20 Kristeva. Julia. â€Å"Stabat Mater. † InThe Kristeva Reader.erectile dysfunction. Toril Moi. 161–86. New York: Columbia University Press. 1986. Krumholz Linda. â€Å"The Ghosts of Bondage: Historical Recovery in Toni Morrison’s Beloved. Andrews and McKay 107-125. Lidinsky April. â€Å"Prophesying Bodies: Career for a Politicss of Collectivity in Toni Morrison’s Beloved. † The Discourse of Slavery: Aphra Behn to Toni Morrison. Eds. Carl Plasa and Betty J. Ring. London: Routledge. 1994. 191-216. Mbalia Doreatha Drummond. Toni Morrison’s Developing Class Consciousness. Selinsgrove: Susquehana UP. 1991. 89-94 Mobley Marilyn Sanders. â€Å"A Different Remembering: Memory. History and Meaning in Toni Morrison’s Beloved. † Modern Critical Positions: Toni Morrison. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House. 1990. 189-201. Wendy Harding and Jacky Martin â€Å"Reading at the Cultural Interface: The Corn Symbolism of Beloved. † in Critical Essays on Toni Morrison’s Beloved. erectile dysfunction. Barbara Solomon ( New York: Prentice-Hall. 1998 ) . 233–44.

Key Elements of the Recruitment HR Assessment

Question: Describe about the Key Elements of the Recruitment for HR Assessment. Answer: The policies and the key elements of the recruitment and the selection process play the most vital role in selecting the most suitable candidate for the vacant position of the firm. The interview round with Miss Adams reveals her personal life details and suitability for the post of Customer Service Officer. As per the policies of Human resource management, it is very important for the candidates to highlight their marital status in the curriculum Vitae, as it provides the details of the employees. Miss Adams was supporting three of the children but the interview records do not evaluate the fact that whether she was married. For this, I would give her 1 star as the information was not adequate. She had done schooling up to midyear 9 high school level and this can be given as 1-star rating as she does not possess a good academic record (Armstrong, 2014). She held six jobs within past two years and this reflects her short term or un-stability in an organization which highlights her neg ative point and for this, I would give her average of a 2-star rating. The overall gap of six months in her job career so 2-star rating for this and the position varies from clerical work to waitressing and this is good to provide her good knowledge of different positions so for this I would give her 4 stars as it would be good for a customer service officer. Her commitment to working one more extra hour after office hours and for this she would be given 5 stars as this is good for the development of business process (Truss, Mankin, and Kelliher, 2012). She is located at 30kms from office so there might be the delay while reaching office and for this, I would give her 3 stars that are an average. References Armstrong, M. (2014).Armstrong's Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice. London: Kogan Page. Truss, C., Mankin, D. and Kelliher, C. (2012).Strategic human resource management. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Childhood Friendship and Psychology

Friend is a one who shares some common interests and close bonds with an individual. Friendship is a psychological need of every individual. Researchers have proved that young kids who have friends tend to have better physical and mental health as compared to those children who do not have any friends. In this paper, we shall compare and contrast the approaches to studying children friendship undertaken by Bigelow and La Gaipa and William Corsaro.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Childhood Friendship and Psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It has been observed that friendship gives moral sustainability in different ways such as emotional, substantial help, and cognitive direction. Many studies have been conducted using sample groups of young individuals in order to understand interpersonal link between them but very little assessment has been made in these studies regarding liking and disliking of friends1 . Bigelow and La Gaipa undertook a research to understand the cognitive bond and friendship by studying the interpersonal bond between young children belonging to a pre-school. Based on their research, they have founded a theory, according to which it is assumed that the children consider close relationship, appraisals, and sharing common interests as something very important to them and on the basis of these factors they tend to choose their friends. However, this concept is still vague as the dimensions of liking and disliking are important and varied in every case or some other external factors also play their part in liking or disliking decisions2. William Corsaro, a well-known sociologist who has specialized in the ethnography of childrens culture, presented his perceptions about childrens friendship in both theoretical and methodological manner. Additionally, William explained that the information about liking or disliking peer is not enough to find out about the real behaviou r of children towards their any particular friend, no can judge the involvement of an individual in his or her peer on the basis of liking or disliking factor. He has used more traditional research tools in order to find out all pros and cons of childrens cognitive bonding, behaviour, and peer influence on their personal and social lives. Bigelow and La Gaipa study tends to form an understanding of the common dimensions and factors responsible for every kids friendship at pre-school, but William Corsaro did not agree with this idea that same age group kids tend to show similar behaviour towards their bonds with peers3. He observed the diversified behaviour in children based on Piagets work who evaluated young individuals’ behaviour by giving them a chance to pour liquid in the container and he observed that these kids do not have sense of measuring volume as every kid poured liquid in different proportions in the same container. Similarly, William pointed out the fact that ev ery kid is different from others and he or she perceives things according to his or her own choices and willingness.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In 1975, Bigelow and La Gaipa study adopted a cognitive model of sequential development in children, which they tried to find out the expectations of the children related to their friendship. Relationship is nothing without expectations because where relationship and love exists expectations are always there. It is a human psychological need that a person wants his or her friends and family members to do things what they like most and what makes them happy. Therefore, an experiment was carried out by Bigelow; he took a sample group of 480 Canadian and Scottish children and asked them to write an essay on the topic â€Å"My Expectations from Friends†. When written content was analysed it was found that children expect a lot from th eir peers. Most common factor, which has been found in their essays, was that they seek priority. It is in a sense that children expect that in a group or while choosing between two things their friends should give priority to them. Otherwise, they might tend to take revenge or they might show aggressive behaviour towards their friends. In addition, it has also been observed that when any individual fights with his or her friends or their friends do not fulfil their expectations they show an explicit change in their behaviour towards their parents and other family members as well.4 William appreciated this effort of Bigelow as it provides an account for understanding cross culture peer relationship, but according to him it was not valid for all age groups and also for children related to different backgrounds. However, Bigelow believed that cognitive characteristic of relationship may change with the passage of time but efficient values remain same forever. In addition, William shed light upon children’s perception of best friends. According to him, everyone is different from each other, so the intensity of their expectations from their friends and best friend is also different. Psychologically some people are more sensitive and possessive about their relationships as compare to those who make friends just for enjoyment and time pass. Although, during childhood children should not show possessiveness but still it is observed that some children show sensitivity towards their friendship. William explained that children consider one or two of their friends as their best ones, with whom they want to spend most of their time and they do not lose such a friend at any cost. Also, their activities play an important part in strengthening in their bond with each other. These activities mostly depend upon the time period that children spend with each other everyday like going to school together and spending night over each other’s place.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Childhood Friendship and Psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In relation to this type of friendship another factor came forward and that is the bond between their parents. It is because children’s friends turn into best friends when their parents also play part in it and encourage their child friendship. Whereas, on other hand Bigelow did not accept the concept of real best friend during childhood because according to him during early childhood children do not have sense to distinguish between friend and best friend5. Another, drawback which has been observed in Bigelow and La Gaipa study is that they did not try to explain the fact why children dislike some specific children around them as compared to others6. What has been the psychological reason behind their likes and dislikes? Is there any such possibility that children hate all those kids who do not share common interests with t hem or simply those who are not their friends? Although, Bigelow and La Gaipa study tends to explain behaviour and factors involved in this process, but they failed to explain it explicitly. It is because they viewed all behaviours, actions, reactions, and factors as something which is possible and common in all dimensions7. However, William studied every individuals case separately in order to provide perfect explanation of the kids friendship bond with respect to human nature and psychology. William in order to understand children’s world made a captivating and enlightening experiment in which he sat down on sand with kids, played with them, and followed their each hand movement and facial expression8. He wanted to think and look at things from their viewpoints as he wanted to explore children’s surroundings and factors affecting their behaviour. Psychologists have also emphasized on the fact that in order to bring up children in a better way it is important for pare nts to view things having their children’s perspectives. It would help to have a fresh and clear insight of their children’s behaviour and only then they would be able to bring up their children in a better way and according to their kids behavioural nature and needs. Furthermore, William has done an outstanding work in the field of ethnography, and he tried to explain relationship between special children such as deaf and dumb as well as sense of friendship between those who are handicapped either physically or mentally.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More During his research, he tried to spend as much time as could with the group of children whom he wanted to study. Therefore, he spend several hours with a group of 83 children who were blind, deaf or dumb, where he found that despite of having such weaknesses they all had a sense of maintaining relationships with each other. Like all other normal kids they also like to make friends and they communicate through their sign language. Also, they all show similar behaviour as every other normal kid show depending upon his or her personal choices and natural perceptions. In addition, he also observed some mentally retarded children and he analyzed that such individuals show more sincere and honest attitude towards their friends. It is because they usually do not have any other activity to participate in; such as studying or learning. However, no evidences of such approaches have been found in Bigelow and La Gaipa study as their study mainly focused on examining different groups of children at pre-school. From the above discussion, it could be concluded that friendship is a bond which is important to have in everyones life in order to satisfy psychological needs. Two different studies presented different notions about childrens friendship and its impact on their lives. Bigelow and La Gaipa study focused on over all understanding of cognitive base of liking and disliking peers; whereas, William explained children’s friendship needs and perception from childrens point of view in order to present a clear view friendship psychology of childhood. Bibliography Bagwell, C, and M. Schmidt. Friendships in Childhood and Adolescence. New York: Guilford Press, 2011. Balter, L, and C. Tamis-LeMonda. Child Psychology: A Handbook of Contemporary Issues. New York: Psychology Press, 2003. Corsaro, W, and T. Rizzo. â€Å"Discussion and Friendship: Socialization Processes in the Peer Culture of Italian Nursery School Children.† American Social Review, 1988: 879-894. Corsar o, W, and L. Molinari. I compagni: Understanding Children’s Transition From Preschool to Elementary School. New York: Teachers College Press, 2005. Corsaro, W. We Are Friends, Right? Washington D.C.: Joseph Henry Press, 2003. Foot, H, A Chapman, and J. Smith. Friendship and Social Relations in Children. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1995. Hayes, D. â€Å"Cognitive Basis for Liking and Disliking Among Preschool Children.† Society of Research in Child Development Inc., 1978: 906-909. Footnotes 1 Balter, L, and C. Tamis-LeMonda. Child Psychology: A Handbook of Contemporary Issues. New York: Psychology Press, 2003. 2 Corsaro, W, and L. Molinari. I compagni:Understanding Children’s Transition From Preschool to Elementary School. New York: Teachers College Press, 2005. 3 Hayes, D. â€Å"Cognitive Basis for Liking and Disliking Among Preschool Children.† Society of Research in Child Development Inc., 1978: 906-909. 4 (Foot, H, A Chapman, and J. Smith. Frie ndship and Social Relations in Children. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1995.) 5 (Foot, H, A Chapman, and J. Smith. Friendship and Social Relations in Children. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1995.) 6 Bagwell, C, and M. Schmidt. Friendships in Childhood and Adolescence. New York: Guilford Press, 2011. 7 Corsaro, W. We Are Friends, Right? Washington D.C.: Joseph Henry Press, 2003. 8 Carsaro, W, and T. Rizzo. â€Å"Discussion and Friendship:Socialization Processes in the Peer Culture of Italian Nursery School Children.† American Social Review, 1988: 879-894. This essay on Childhood Friendship and Psychology was written and submitted by user Riley Saunders to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Help With Spelling Problems for ESL Classes

Help With Spelling Problems for ESL Classes Here are the most common spelling rules in English. For exceptions to the rules take a look at Common Spelling Problems. Capital Letters Use Capital (T, S, B, etc.) letters for the following types of words: Days, months and public holidays: Monday, January, ChristmasProper names of people and places: Jack, Maria, New York, GermanyTitles for people: Ms, Dr, GeneralNationalities and regions (both nouns and adjectives): Dutch, Swedish, BasqueTitles of works of art (content words only): The Last Day of Summer, American Journal of Medicine When to Double Final Consonants The final consonant of a word is often doubled when adding -ed, -ing, -er, -est in the following cases: The double final b, d, g, l, m, n, p, r, and t at the end of words:rob - robbingsad - sadderbig - biggerskim - skimmingwin - winnerpop - poppingprefer - preferredhit - hittingWords of more than one syllable have their consonants doubled only when the final syllable is stressed:begin - beginn ing BUT open - openingdefer - deferr ing BUT offer - offeringWhen words have more than one syllable and end in L British English always doubles the L, even in the case of unstressed syllables. In American English, on the other hand, the L is not doubled when the syllable is unstressed.British English - travelledAmerican English - traveledMore information on the differences between British and American English. Here are the most common spelling rules in English. For exceptions to the rules take a look at Common Spelling Problems. Final -E Leave off the final e in the following cases: When the word ends in e adding a suffix that begins with a vowel (this is usually the case, although there are exceptions such as outrageous):make - makingnote - notableDo not leave out the final e when a word ends in ee:agree - agreeableWords ending in ge and ce do NOT drop the final e:encourage - encouragementembrace - embraceable 'IE' and 'EI' This is a common spelling problem, even for native English speakers. Probably the best thing to do is remember this rhyme: I before E except after Creliefthiefbelieve But...perceivereceiptceiling 'Y' and 'I' When adding an ending to a word that finishes in y, the y usually changes to i: Most nouns and verbs that end in y have plural or third person singular conjugations that change to i:party - partieshurry - She hurries to work.When changing the word form (for example from adjective to adverb):happy - happilylazy - lazilyeasy - easier Do NOT change the final y to i when y is preceded by a vowel:stay - staysenjoy - enjoyed Exceptions: say, lay, pay - said, laid, paidDo NOT change the final y to i when followed by -ing, -ism, -ish:boy - boyishtry - trying 'IE' to 'Y' When a word ends in ie change to y before adding -ing:die - dyinglie - lying

Cloud Computing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Cloud Computing - Assignment Example According to the research findings the use of cloud computing in businesses exhibits the characteristics of empowerment, agility, reduction of costs involved, device along with location independence and virtualization. It also allows for multi-tenancy, reliability, scalability, performance, security and maintenance of the various applications being utilized in a business. Through empowerment, the concept of cloud computing facilitates the users with the control of all the resources at their disposal. Its agility can always be improved with their user’s ability of re-provisioning technological infrastructural resources. These technologies usually provide interfaces that allow many users to communicate and share resources such as software. Another major advantage of using cloud computing is that it enables users to get accessibility to various systems by using only web browsers such as Mozilla Firefox and Internet explorer. The advantage achieved through the process of virtualiz ation enables the transfer and sharing of resources from one server to another. Multi-tenancy in a cloud computing environment facilitates large pools of users in sharing resources in a business environment, and this minimizes the costs incurred in maintaining the computers. This can easily be achieved through centralization, having peak-load capacities and increasing their utilization and efficiencies. The reliability of cloud computing can be augmented through the use of multiple sites that are redundant. Finally, security is usually achieved through data centralization, increasing the focus on security resources. The maintenance of resources within a cloud computing environment is very easy. This is because the applications do not have to be individually installed in each computer in the business (Buyya, Brogerg & Goscinski, 2011). The applications have their own benefits and limits when being utilized in a business environment. For example, in the usage of an application in a bu siness environment that supports controls on quality and assurance functions, one must consider the various benefits and limits that come with it (Shroff, 2010). The issues of the application tracking the parts that have been rejected while taking actions that are corrective in reconciling the parts to manufacture in the future should be greatly considered. The supporting of similar activities will ensure that the customers to a business remain willing to do business with a company since the quality of their products is always assured. Cloud computing is also quite vital when supporting purchasing along with inventory control systems and firm’s requirements in the manufacturing process. The use of this form of computing in this field enables the supporting of all

Philosophy, Sartre's Existentialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philosophy, Sartre's Existentialism - Essay Example 6). But at the end he says "even if God existed that would make no difference from [Existentialism's] point of view". Is he contradicting himself Does Sartre's Existentialism depend on atheism, or is it compatible with theism or agnosticism Jean-Paul Sartre argues that human beings are fundamentally incomplete. Self-consciousness brings with it a presence-to-self. Human beings consequently seek two things at the same time: to possess a secure and stable identity, and to preserve the freedom and distance that come with self-consciousness. This is an impossible ideal, since we are always beyond what we are and we never quite reach what we could be. The possibility of completion haunts us and we continue to search for it even when we are convinced it can never be achieved. Sartre suggests that we have to continue seeking this ideal in the practical sphere, even when our philosophical reflection shows it to be an impossibility. Sartre puts this existential dilemma in explicitly theological terms. 'God' represents an ideal synthesis of being and consciousness which remains a self-contradictory goal. This dilemma remains unresolved in his thinking. A richer conception of God, such as that proposed by Thomas Aquinas, might resolve the dilemma without denying the existential restlessness that underlies it. Aquinas shares Sartre's understanding of human life as an ecstatic existence that takes one beyond one's present identity towards a future fulfilment. In Aquinas's scheme, God is not just the ideal goal of human longing, he is the real possibility of ultimate completion, which must exist as a practical possibility, even if we think that this possibility cannot be realised within the limitations of temporal human life as we now understand it. Aquinas concludes that there must, therefore, be some other kind of existence possible for us. 'Happiness' is not a key term for Sartre - as we shall see, he prefers the obscure neologism l'en-soi-pour-soi - but it can stand for this universal goal which plays such a significant part in his philosophy. Sartre writes that human reality is by nature a conscience malheureuse,'an unhappy consciousness', since we are constantly frustrated in our desire to find fulfilment in a stable and freely chosen identity.1 The suggestion, however slight, is that this fulfilled identity would be a state of happiness. What is happiness Why is it an impossible ideal Why does Sartre associate it with the Divine Can an ideal continue to function as a goal even after someone has accepted that it is a practical impossibility These are some of the questions that will be addressed in this article. In the final two sections I will look at how Aquinas can help us to draw out some of the unacknowledged implications of Sartre's existential ontology. Sartre puts the whole ontological dilemma in explicitly theological terms.11 'God' represents the ideal synthesis between being and consciousness which we can never achieve: 'Is not God a being who is what he is, in that he is all positivity and the foundation of the world, and at the same time a being who is not what he is and who is what he is not, in that he is self-consciousness and the necessary foundation of himself'

Roman Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Roman Art - Essay Example ially the Archaic period had several rigid rules of representation to be adhered to, and although they changed over time during that period, the beginnings were strict. In the sculpture of standing figures what has been termed the â€Å"law of frontality† was enforced till almost the end of the sixth century. This placement consisted of the figures being posed looking straight ahead, standing straight, the eyes often appeared more bulbous, never truly sunken in and the ears were usually placed for esthetic purpose and not for anatomical correctness, usually being placed too high on the head. Even the hair was arranged in an almost geometrical pattern like style. (Chase 46) We see the law of frotnality readily apparent in both figures. The stance of Hercules is perhaps more naturalistic and relaxed and does not have the left foot forward. However, the Wounded Warrior does and is more representational of the Archaic Style. Notably and fortunately missing from this period are some of the other Archaic element. The Roman art made correction for anatomy and the figures ears and eyes are more in proportion with their figures as well as being anatomically correct. Another feature that has been lost ois what was termed the â€Å"Archaic Smile† of this period in Greek sculpture (Chase 47) This smile is a rather too happy sort of smile that one might not expect from the more stoic aspects of this period. It seems often out of place and unnatural. Many critics felt that this was simply an attempt by the artist of the time to add some personality or expression to the face. The Roman art lost this appellation and created more natural figure. There is an overall more natural state, the figure and the face seem to be responding to their environment and are not contrived or artificially posed as in the Greek Archaic styles. The Wounded Warrior is actually a copy made of a Greek original from the Archaic period of the fifth century. At first it seems that the warrior

How Globalization Has Effected On Indian Economy Economics Essay

How Globalization Has Effected On Indian Economy Economics Essay Due to globalization, in Indian economy it affect not only to agricultural production but also employment opportunities in the rural parts, inequality between urban rural areas. Globalisation is conceived as a powerful transformative force responsible for a massive shake-out of nations, economies, international institutions the whole world order. Thus, we can say that the higher the level of international corporations/transactions, the higher will be economic growth, income level living standards the globalization process would bring. Globalisation has brought many jobs large sums of investment to India. Indias economy has been growing at exceptional rates for the past several years many new opportunities have opened up for India. Yet, India does remain quite poor. Most of those who profit from globalization in India are the upper classes, with many in the lower classes being displaced suffering from miserable labor conditions. Globalization has created a large economic boom fo r India with largely positive effects. At the present, we can also say about the tale of two Indians. We have the best of times; we have the worst of times. Globalization of financial markets has far outpaced the integration of product markets. There is sparkling prosperity, there is stinking poverty. We have dazzling five star hotels side by side with darkened ill-starred hovels. We have everything by globalization, we have noting by globalization. Heymath, a firm in Chennai, provide mathematics homework help to students lesson plans to teachers, over the net. Its initial target market was schools in Singapore, but after successfully developing selling its product there, it is now expanding elsewhere, including India. Despite these examples, however, as an economy we are still not still as open to foreign goods and services, labor, or knowledge as we should be. The five major areas where the co-operative global efforts on reform are to be concentrated are: 1. Transparency: The goal is to make timely, reliable data, plus information about economic and financial policies, practices, and decision making, readily available to financial markets and the public. 2. Internationally Accepted Standards: Adherence to international standards and codes of good practices helps ensure that economies function properly at the national level, which is a key prerequisite for a well-functioning international system. 3. Financial Sector Strengthening: Banks and other financial institutions need to improve internal practices, including risk assessment and management, and the official sector needs to upgrade supervision and regulation of the financial sector to keep pace with the modern global economy. 4. Involving the Private Sector: Better involvement of the private sector in crisis prevention and resolution can limit moral hazard; strengthen market discipline by fostering better risk assessment; and improve the prospects for both debtors and creditors 5. Systemic Improvements: Contingent Credit Lines (CCL): The IMF has created a new instrument of crisis prevention with the CCL, after cautionary line of defense readily available to member countries with strong economic policies designed to prevent future balance of payments problems that might arise from international financial contagion. Advantage of Globalization in Indian Economy: There are numerous advantages in the shift to a global economy including the possibility to increase benefits from economies of scale. The breaking down of global barriers allows companies to benefit from the largest cheapest workforces, raw material, technology. Due to globalization, in many areas of the country tomato growers, potato growers fruit growers, farmers benefited from tie-up collaborations with ketchup, potato chips, fruit juices etc. Fishermen in Kerala have increased their incomes using mobile phones to find out the best markets where the prices are highest on each day. Lock outs strikes have declined to insignificantly low levels because industrial labor is happy. Due to Globalization the business market in the world has no boundaries; they can market their products in any part of the world. This has involved the chances of laying hands on global market technologies, which would definitely increase our qualities of living standards. Globalization helps Indian En trepreneur to know more about the competitors, recent trends, Quality of products. Helps in sourcing new technology for improving their Brand Quality. Hiring competent person irrespective of the nationality. Good exposure of Indian brands to overseas market. Due to increase in healthy competition with other brands, Indian brands will be forced to improve their quality and services to the customer. It aims at increasing the production of food and improvements of the economic and social condition of farmers. It would increase efficiency of the workers. Use of seeds and heavy machines has help to increase agricultural productivity. It would improve animal husbandries would be able to import good breed of animals from the other countries. Farmers will get the privilege of the international market through export agricultural products. Disadvantages: Rise in demand for labor the rise in wage rates leading to increase in costs. Too much competition in the market leading to continuous pressure on raising productivity enhancing consumer service, improving products quality in order to survive. Voluntary retirement for many public sector units. Too many sales person chasing customers. Too many cars on the road traffic congestion. Growth of consumerism. Shortage power infrastructure affecting industrial expansion. The farmer got the exposure to global links of markets, technology investments, beneficial in terms of involving their yields, getting better prices secured off take. This leads to a major dissatisfaction among under developed/developing countries where they are cut off from the rest of the world. This has also increased the chances of inferiority complex among these nations. There is a fundamental problem with globalization which will cause international tension trade disputes without arresting the process. It may be d ifficult to survive for SSI and other industries which are unable to cope up with the changes due to insufficient funds. Indian Talent is being attracted towards other country due to higher salary and emoluments. Due to heavy taxation and levies in India, end products are being costly as compared to imported brands. All the multinational companies MNCs are examples, such as pepsi , cocacola, ibm, general electric, vodafone, almost all have its business allover the world. for a MNC target market is whole world itself. Globalization Its Impact : The various beneficial effects of globalization in Indian Industry are that it brought in huge amounts of foreign investments into the industry especially in the BPO, pharmaceutical, petroleum, and manufacturing industries. As huge amounts of foreign direct investments were coming to the Indian Industry, they boosted the Indian economy quite significantly. The benefits of the effects of globalization in the Indian Industry are that many foreign companies set up industries in India, especially in the pharmaceutical, BPO, petroleum, manufacturing, and chemical sectors and this helped to provide employment to many people in the country. This helped reduce the level of unemployment and poverty in the country. Also the benefit of the Effects of Globalization on Indian Industry are that the foreign companies brought in highly advanced technology with them and this helped to make the Indian Industry more technologically advanced. Since 1991, India has witnessed an explosion of new media. Be tween 1990 and 1999, access to television grew from 10% of the urban population to 75% of the urban population. Cable television and foreign movies became widely available for the first time. 1) Indian Agriculture: Indian farmers are offered no subsidiaries compared to the US Farmers. There has been no encouragement from the government to ensure foreign companies to set up technologies for the farmers assistance. The US Farmers has opened the market for textile China has already set up factories started production where in India hasnt woken up. On the other side of the medal, there is along list of the worst of the time, the foremost casualty being the agriculture sector. Agriculture has been still remains the backbone of the Indian economy. It plays a vital role not only in providing food nutrition to the people, but also in the supply of raw materials to industries to export trade. The financial capital of India the political of India are set to become the topmost slum cities of the world. 2) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Growth rate: The Indian economy is passing through a difficult phase caused by several unfavorable domestic external developments, Domestic O/P DD conditions were adversely affected by poor performance in agriculture in the post two years. The rate of growth of GDP of India has been on the increase from 5.6% to 7% in the 1993-2001 periods. The sectors attracting highest FDI inflows are electrical equipments including Computer software electronics (18 %), service sector (13%), telecommunication (10%), transportation industry (9%) etc. 3) Export Import: Indias export import is increasing many Indian companies have started becoming respectable players in international scenes. There are two alternative causes available. To sell its product in the export market. To produce those type of commodities that the rich in India could consume i.e. luxury consumption goods. 4) Technologies: IT is given special status. The reason for this is because the Indian government wants to promote it-s nation a as a technological advanced nation and in order to do this they must stimulate the IT sector. The special status- means the sector and investors (willing to invest in the sector) will receive many benefits and incentives from the government to do so. 5) Poverty: The government of India has shown decline in people living in absolute poverty by manipulating statistics. The decline happened when large number of industrial units have been closed down, number of days of work available to workers has declined, downsizing of manpower had taken place in most of the industrial undertakings and non-availability of jobs to the new entrant in employment market is witnessed. Besides, there is an all round decline of prices of agricultural products, forcing farmers to suicide. In sectors like plantation and tea, workers are virtually starving. It is just not possible that people living in absolute poverty can decline in the country under these circumstances. 6) Education: The growth of higher education and the impact of the global economies have influenced the Indian education system over the last few years. Conclusion: India has to concentrate on 5 important areas or things to follow to achieve this goal. The areas like technological entrepreneurship, new business opening for small medium enterprises importance of quality management, now prospects in rural areas privatization of financial institutions. There will be prospect growth of Indian economy very much depends upon rural participation in the global race. The rich and poor, rural and urban, service class and agriculturalists, men and women, the bi polar opposites started troubling the social development. Benefits of Globalization: Economies of countries that engage well with the international economy have consistently grown much faster than those countries that try to protect themselves. Well managed open economies have grown at rates that are on average 2 Â ½ percentage points higher than the rate of growth in economies closed to the forces of globalisation. Countries which have had faster economic growth have then been able to improve living standards and reduce poverty. India has cut its poverty rate in half in the past two decades. China has reduced the number of rural poor from 250 million in 1978 to 34 million in 1999. Cheaper imports also make a wider range of products accessible to more people and, through competition, can help promote efficiency and productivity. Improved wealth through the economic gains of globlisation has led to improved access to health care and clean water which has increased life expectancy. More than 85 percent of the worlds population can expect to live for at least sixty yea rs (thats twice as long as the average life expectancy 100 years ago!) Improved environmental awareness and accountability has contributed to positive environmental outcomes by encouraging the use of more efficient, less-polluting technologies and facilitating economies imports of renewable substitutes for use in place of scarce domestic natural resources.Improved technology has dramatically reduced costs and prices changing the way the world communicates, learns, does business and treats illnesses. Between 1990 and 1999, adult illiteracy rates in developing countries fell from 35 per cent to 29 per cent. Modern communications and the global spread of information have contributed to the toppling of undemocratic regimes and a growth in liberal democracies around the world. International migration has led to greater recognition of diversity and respect for cultural identities which is improving democracy and access to human rights. Problems of globalization: There are social and economic costs to globalisation Trade liberalisation rewards competitive industries and penalises uncompetitive ones, and it requires participating countries to undertake economic restructuring and reform. While this will bring benefits in the long term, there are dislocation costs to grapple with in the immediate term, and the social costs for those affected are high. Increased trade and travel have facilitated the spread of human, animal and plant diseases, like HIV/AIDS, SARS and bird flu, across borders. Globalisation has also enabled the introduction of cigarettes and tobacco to developing countries, with major adverse health and financial costs associated with that. Trade liberalisation and technological improvements change the economy of a country, destroying traditional agricultural communities and allowing cheap imports of manufactured goods. This can lead to unemployment if not carefully managed, as work in the traditional sectors of the economy becomes scarce and people may not have the appropriate skills for the jobs which may be created. Modern communications have spread an awareness of the differences between countries, and increased the demand for migration to richer countries. Richer countries have tightened the barriers against migrant workers, xenophobic fears have increased and people smugglers have exploited vulnerable people. Globalised competition can force a race to the bottom in wage rates and labour standards. It can also foster a brain drain of skilled workers, where highly educated and qualified professionals, such as doctors, engineers and IT specialists, migrate to developed countries to benefit from the higher wages and greater career and lifestyle prospects. This creates severe skilled labour shortages in developing countries.

Observations in All Our Kin Essay -- Carol Stack

Carol Stack finds herself in a curious place as a young white woman venturing into a black neighborhood in hopes of alleviating negative stereotypes and bringing illumination into a semiosphere that is altogether ignored or even despised. While she defined her purpose as the attempt to â€Å"illustrate the collective adaptations to poverty of men, women, and children within the social-cultural network of the black urban family† (28), her methods are not merely those of an outside observer spouting back information, but truly that of an actively engaged participant. Staying true to the guidelines of participant observation studies, Stack did not attempt to isolate or manipulate the culture she saw, and instead of donning the lab coat, as it were, and playing the role of the experimenting scientist, or simply sneaking in, Stack was very human in her interactions and dealings, participating as actively as possible in peoples’ real lives in The Flats. (Hedrick). Twenty years ago, Stack sought to explain why the impoverished area was not subject to conventional judgment and evaluation by describing the primary differences between that society, and the more affluent culture that defines the standards. To say, for example, that the average black household is unstructured would be a misstatement. On the contrary, these households are elaborately structured, but in a more fluid manner than the conventional home. Typically, these subcultures are negatively defined – or judged by what they are not. Through this lens, The Flats appears to be a disheveled mess of rats scurrying for the next scrap of food. Walking into this situation, Stack had to prove the notion that â€Å"distinctively negative features attributed to poor families, that they are fat... ...their lifestyles or values, but merely funnel greater sums of money into bottomless, self-destructing pits† (23). If this is true, then certainly the American Dream wins out for virtue. Indeed, throwing money at a problem absolutely does not make it go away – but when families are legitimately struggling to make ends meet and goods are scarce, when they’ve established these complex chains of organized networks and trades, and when they can empathize with others in their situation and see the big picture beyond their own, one is left to wonder why Stack’s voice hasn’t been heard more widely, and why the residents of The Flats are still left to fight against the current in their own comparatively competent culture of exchange, and networks of all their kin. Stack, Carol B. All Our Kin : Strategies for Survival in a Black Community. New York: Basic Books, 1983.

Zara Case Study

Despite the current centralized distribution model working well and at below capacity, continuous rapid expansion outside of Spain for Inedited brands (exhibit 8) would bring problems of; larger amalgamation of dispersed network pictures, rater demand and customization for Ezra offerings from consumers. This would further bring the effects of discomposes of scale; increased transportation costs, top heavy Organization, potentially exceeding working capacity, increased risk if central distribution centre fails.No standardized market position – Sara's expansion approach have led them to be positioned differently in each geographical market despite targeting the same consumer segment, Ezra currently use company-centered knowledge to determine price and positioning strategies for different geographical segments. This has caused inconsistent consumer perception of their brand e. . Americas and Spain. Being in a globalizes marketplace, this poses a problem to the global perception a nd position of the Ezra brand.Competitive Environment -? Ezra is competing in a competitive market where the competition are seeing similar growth in stock prices and revenue (Exhibit 3, Exhibit 5). Competitors such as have already achieved similar competencies to Ezra in terms of variety and stock refresh, and have obtained more advanced competencies such as localization of distribution centers, reducing the competitive advantage that Ezra has in terms of flexibility in their products array and enabling the threat f substitution.Other competitors such as Unique have further gained competitive advantage by differentiating themselves in the saturated market of fast retailing by using an undifferentiated marketing approach targeting a larger customer base, leading to a revenue growth rate greater than Ezra from 2009-2010 (Exhibit 5). Potential Solutions A potential solution for Ezra is the possibility of forming a joint-venture distribution centre in China as a precursor for localizat ion of design and production in Asia.This joint-venture promotes multilateral exchanges with other economic actors within the network. Helping Ezra maintain a competitive advantage over competition by allowing for Ezra to assess their ‘STEP based on network insight to better standardize their market positioning. However, internal clashes can arise from a shift from a centralized to decentralized distribution business model. Also both organization can clash due to the rejection Of the partner-organization's underlying logic, objectives and business culture.Another potential solution is for Ezra to expand their e- commerce presence in Asia and America to gain competitive advantage, such as the growing market of e-commerce in America. This allows for Ezra to extend their reach to customers, and further gives them a competitive advantage over competitors such as who have yet to setup an e- commerce presence in Asia. This would also compliment the rapid expansion into the Asia regi on specifically targeted at India and China.However, this method would entail higher outbound shipment costs as individual items will have to be shipped from the central distribution center in Spain to the consumer in Asia or America. This leads to another potential solution on focusing on their existing supply chain competency in Europe to further expand e-commerce presence beyond the 8 countries that use a Ezra online store. This would utilize Sara's existing centralized supply chain in Europe to expand reach to the existing customer base.However, this would give Ezra little long term competitive advantages over competition as competitor brands can easily implement the same marketing approach. Ezra may also want to consider adopting an undifferentiated approach by expanding their basic line to further compete with a larger customer base as Unique have done with a large amount of success (exhibit 5). This solution however would to be a viable long term solution and has the possibil ity of affecting their overall brand perception if less fashionable items of clothing were being pushed to the consumer.Best Solution The best solution for Ezra would be to open a joint-venture distribution centre in China as a precursor to opening localized design and production facilities in Asia, this fits into Sara's objective to expand rapidly in a very competitive landscape (Exhibit 5). This is also consistent with their joint- venture with Data group in opening up Ezra stores in India with the potential for Network Insight. The overall issue to this solution is that Ezra will need to find a partner to form a joint venture with, this may also require exchanges with local economic actors in China to gain insight.China is a rapid growing market for Ezra with 71 stores opening in 4 years and on target to becoming Sara's 2nd largest market. Opening a distribution center in China entails the following; 1 . Network Insight for ‘STEP' Competitive advantage – Whilst openi ng a distribution centre in China itself is not a major competitive competency in comparison to R&M's localized distribution centers, by operating a joint- entire in China and through the recursive exchange in the joint-venture structure along with exchanges with other economic actors, this promotes multilateral exchanges which will lead to a realistic and better understanding of the market.This can be used by Ezra to help better periodically evaluate their ‘STEP' due to changes in consumer needs, this ensures maximized long term success and competitiveness by assessing actions against modern network insights 2. Reduced re-stock time – Currently the existing distribution model for Ezra means that they can only ship to 1 geographical region per ay. By including a distribution center in Asia, it means that stores within the growing market can be restocked much more effectively to better satisfy consumer needs 3.Allows the introduction of e-commerce in Asia -? with a distr ibution center in Asia, this allows for the possibility of establishing e- commerce in China ahead of Sara's competition. This can also be used to further gather consumer insight into preferences. By operating as a joint- venture, risks will be shared with the partner organization, not only this, but resources can be shared to achieve maximum efficiency. However, by opening a distribution center in China, it will start to dissolve the existing centralized structure that Ezra has created.But to expand overseas, Ezra cannot rely on company-centered extant knowledge for expansion and understanding of new customers, as seen through their existing differentiated positioning in Americas and Spain. Ezra must start to take a more decentralized approach in terms of global expansion. The notion of decentralization may come with hesitance from Ezra stakeholders due to Bonnet's failure with a decentralized business model, however as Ezra loud maintain and own a large stake in the joint venture, they would still maintain a large control.With greater network insight, this provides a pathway for Ezra to Open design and production facilities in Asia to improve operational efficiency in the long-term; 1 . Economies of Scale – despite the current centralized distribution model not effecting gross profit growth (exhibit 4), the rapid expansion into Asia can cause discomposes of scale through higher transportation costs. By having design and production local, this will reduce transportation costs to ship to Asian regions, this can Hereford be beneficial in further reducing Sara's carbon footprint and improving CARS 2.Efficient Amalgamation of Consumer Feedback – With rapid expansion, there will be greater consumer feedback. By opening up design and production in China, it allows for efficient and focused amalgamation of Asian consumer perceptions through having an established network insight. This will allow both faster response time to customer feedback and potenti al for exchange of designs between Asian and European markets to expand Sara's product portfolio. 3.Closer to Fabric Suppliers – Currently, Ezra arches fabric from their Hong Kong office, this office could be used to further utilize Asian suppliers to supply fabric for Asian production facilities, therefore reducing costs in importing fabric from overseas suppliers. Overall this solution aims to provide sustainability to Ezra for future growth in Asia. Application of Concepts From the available case study, we can see the 3 components of a Market; the suppliers, product and customer come into play.For suppliers, we can see that suppliers such as H and Inedited offer a large variety of product entries, whilst Fast Retailing offer product specialization and have a small reduce portfolio. However the most important component within this case is the customer aspect, due to the large influence that customers have on product portfolios of Inedited and H. Fast retailing unique has ad opted an undifferentiated approach by treating consumers as a homogeneous segment.Therefore they attempt to reach a large customer base through a single marketing strategy of offering a large variety of basics in a large array of colors. This is different to the approach made by and Inedited, who utilize a differentiated marketing approach. Inedited has multiple brands such s Ezra and Berserk utilizing different Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning. This similar concept is used by in which sub-brands are marketed to different segment groups.This therefore means that Inedited and H aim to have a full-market coverage by offering a wide variety of offerings to different segments. However, as Unique is the largest retailer to use a undifferentiated marketing approach, it has successfully differentiated itself from Inedited and Ezra by implementing product specialization, therefore Fast Retailing have benefited from rising revenue growth comparable to H and Inedited (Exhibit 5). Zara Case Study Despite the current centralized distribution model working well and at below capacity, continuous rapid expansion outside of Spain for Inedited brands (exhibit 8) would bring problems of; larger amalgamation of dispersed network pictures, rater demand and customization for Ezra offerings from consumers. This would further bring the effects of discomposes of scale; increased transportation costs, top heavy Organization, potentially exceeding working capacity, increased risk if central distribution centre fails.No standardized market position – Sara's expansion approach have led them to be positioned differently in each geographical market despite targeting the same consumer segment, Ezra currently use company-centered knowledge to determine price and positioning strategies for different geographical segments. This has caused inconsistent consumer perception of their brand e. . Americas and Spain. Being in a globalizes marketplace, this poses a problem to the global perception a nd position of the Ezra brand.Competitive Environment -? Ezra is competing in a competitive market where the competition are seeing similar growth in stock prices and revenue (Exhibit 3, Exhibit 5). Competitors such as have already achieved similar competencies to Ezra in terms of variety and stock refresh, and have obtained more advanced competencies such as localization of distribution centers, reducing the competitive advantage that Ezra has in terms of flexibility in their products array and enabling the threat f substitution.Other competitors such as Unique have further gained competitive advantage by differentiating themselves in the saturated market of fast retailing by using an undifferentiated marketing approach targeting a larger customer base, leading to a revenue growth rate greater than Ezra from 2009-2010 (Exhibit 5). Potential Solutions A potential solution for Ezra is the possibility of forming a joint-venture distribution centre in China as a precursor for localizat ion of design and production in Asia.This joint-venture promotes multilateral exchanges with other economic actors within the network. Helping Ezra maintain a competitive advantage over competition by allowing for Ezra to assess their ‘STEP based on network insight to better standardize their market positioning. However, internal clashes can arise from a shift from a centralized to decentralized distribution business model. Also both organization can clash due to the rejection Of the partner-organization's underlying logic, objectives and business culture.Another potential solution is for Ezra to expand their e- commerce presence in Asia and America to gain competitive advantage, such as the growing market of e-commerce in America. This allows for Ezra to extend their reach to customers, and further gives them a competitive advantage over competitors such as who have yet to setup an e- commerce presence in Asia. This would also compliment the rapid expansion into the Asia regi on specifically targeted at India and China.However, this method would entail higher outbound shipment costs as individual items will have to be shipped from the central distribution center in Spain to the consumer in Asia or America. This leads to another potential solution on focusing on their existing supply chain competency in Europe to further expand e-commerce presence beyond the 8 countries that use a Ezra online store. This would utilize Sara's existing centralized supply chain in Europe to expand reach to the existing customer base.However, this would give Ezra little long term competitive advantages over competition as competitor brands can easily implement the same marketing approach. Ezra may also want to consider adopting an undifferentiated approach by expanding their basic line to further compete with a larger customer base as Unique have done with a large amount of success (exhibit 5). This solution however would to be a viable long term solution and has the possibil ity of affecting their overall brand perception if less fashionable items of clothing were being pushed to the consumer.Best Solution The best solution for Ezra would be to open a joint-venture distribution centre in China as a precursor to opening localized design and production facilities in Asia, this fits into Sara's objective to expand rapidly in a very competitive landscape (Exhibit 5). This is also consistent with their joint- venture with Data group in opening up Ezra stores in India with the potential for Network Insight. The overall issue to this solution is that Ezra will need to find a partner to form a joint venture with, this may also require exchanges with local economic actors in China to gain insight.China is a rapid growing market for Ezra with 71 stores opening in 4 years and on target to becoming Sara's 2nd largest market. Opening a distribution center in China entails the following; 1 . Network Insight for ‘STEP' Competitive advantage – Whilst openi ng a distribution centre in China itself is not a major competitive competency in comparison to R&M's localized distribution centers, by operating a joint- entire in China and through the recursive exchange in the joint-venture structure along with exchanges with other economic actors, this promotes multilateral exchanges which will lead to a realistic and better understanding of the market.This can be used by Ezra to help better periodically evaluate their ‘STEP' due to changes in consumer needs, this ensures maximized long term success and competitiveness by assessing actions against modern network insights 2. Reduced re-stock time – Currently the existing distribution model for Ezra means that they can only ship to 1 geographical region per ay. By including a distribution center in Asia, it means that stores within the growing market can be restocked much more effectively to better satisfy consumer needs 3.Allows the introduction of e-commerce in Asia -? with a distr ibution center in Asia, this allows for the possibility of establishing e- commerce in China ahead of Sara's competition. This can also be used to further gather consumer insight into preferences. By operating as a joint- venture, risks will be shared with the partner organization, not only this, but resources can be shared to achieve maximum efficiency. However, by opening a distribution center in China, it will start to dissolve the existing centralized structure that Ezra has created.But to expand overseas, Ezra cannot rely on company-centered extant knowledge for expansion and understanding of new customers, as seen through their existing differentiated positioning in Americas and Spain. Ezra must start to take a more decentralized approach in terms of global expansion. The notion of decentralization may come with hesitance from Ezra stakeholders due to Bonnet's failure with a decentralized business model, however as Ezra loud maintain and own a large stake in the joint venture, they would still maintain a large control.With greater network insight, this provides a pathway for Ezra to Open design and production facilities in Asia to improve operational efficiency in the long-term; 1 . Economies of Scale – despite the current centralized distribution model not effecting gross profit growth (exhibit 4), the rapid expansion into Asia can cause discomposes of scale through higher transportation costs. By having design and production local, this will reduce transportation costs to ship to Asian regions, this can Hereford be beneficial in further reducing Sara's carbon footprint and improving CARS 2.Efficient Amalgamation of Consumer Feedback – With rapid expansion, there will be greater consumer feedback. By opening up design and production in China, it allows for efficient and focused amalgamation of Asian consumer perceptions through having an established network insight. This will allow both faster response time to customer feedback and potenti al for exchange of designs between Asian and European markets to expand Sara's product portfolio. 3.Closer to Fabric Suppliers – Currently, Ezra arches fabric from their Hong Kong office, this office could be used to further utilize Asian suppliers to supply fabric for Asian production facilities, therefore reducing costs in importing fabric from overseas suppliers. Overall this solution aims to provide sustainability to Ezra for future growth in Asia. Application of Concepts From the available case study, we can see the 3 components of a Market; the suppliers, product and customer come into play.For suppliers, we can see that suppliers such as H and Inedited offer a large variety of product entries, whilst Fast Retailing offer product specialization and have a small reduce portfolio. However the most important component within this case is the customer aspect, due to the large influence that customers have on product portfolios of Inedited and H. Fast retailing unique has ad opted an undifferentiated approach by treating consumers as a homogeneous segment.Therefore they attempt to reach a large customer base through a single marketing strategy of offering a large variety of basics in a large array of colors. This is different to the approach made by and Inedited, who utilize a differentiated marketing approach. Inedited has multiple brands such s Ezra and Berserk utilizing different Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning. This similar concept is used by in which sub-brands are marketed to different segment groups.This therefore means that Inedited and H aim to have a full-market coverage by offering a wide variety of offerings to different segments. However, as Unique is the largest retailer to use a undifferentiated marketing approach, it has successfully differentiated itself from Inedited and Ezra by implementing product specialization, therefore Fast Retailing have benefited from rising revenue growth comparable to H and Inedited (Exhibit 5). Zara Case Study MGMT 6620: Operations & SCM HBS Case Study Zara: IT for Fast Fashion 4/9/2013 1. What is the Zara â€Å"business model†? What weaknesses, if any, do you seen in this business model? The value propositions offered by Zara to its main customers who are young, fashion conscious city-dwellers is offering new styles within the time-frame of several weeks as well as providing assortment of choices for customers and the uniqueness of clothing styles fitting individual customer needs. To achieve this Zara’s business model had the following: 1.Incorporating the horizontal structure for placing orders and deciding which items to push aggressively by delegating decision making responsibilities to store managers; 2. Low volume production of any item and high inventory turnover, which secured better tracking of â€Å"hot† items, which can be sold well; 3. Reduction of losses on items which are not selling well- Company was eliminating inventory build-up by managing low invent ories and by their frequent updates company achieved high foot traffic in its stores and used the stores as focal points of its marketing campaigns.Weakness in Zara’s business model is that each store is highly dependent on decision making capabilities of store managers, which might cause the problem if many of them decide to leave. Moreover, since company relying on small shops scattered throughout Spain and Portugal for its production any economic downturn in those countries can cause the increase the cost of manufacturing or COGS. 2. In your opinion, what are the most important aspects of Zara’s approach to IT? Are these approaches applicable and appropriate anywhere? If not, where would they not work well?The Most important aspect of Zara’s approach to Information technology is the use of DOS-POS in its current store to track customers demand quickly, decentralize the company and provide customer with trendy clothing options. Yes these approaches are essenti ally applicable starting from production till distribution, but Zara’s current IT is outdated and needs to be upgraded from future sustainability point of view to network with various retailors and distribution centers. Zara could face challenges in longer run from operation front with new technology.Zara must keep upgrading them with the latest technology to beat the competitors that might cost high. New technology demands training on usage to employee that again involve cost. 3. Should the company build in-store networks? In our group’s opinion, Zara should build in-store networks. First of all, the store manager has difficulties in ordering without in-store networks. Aim of Zara is to provide its clothes quickly while the system which Zara currently has cannot reach this requirement.The store personnel could not look up their inventory through in-store computer; they need to talk to salespeople to determine the quantities, which is time-consuming. Secondly, for the fulfillment process, the level of the SKU is hard to determine without in-store networks. More importantly, if in-store networks would not be built, the infrastructure that Zara stores currently have cannot provide information among stores about the SKU. Store personnel have to use obsolete methods such as having telephone call or carrying disks to report the inventory or calculate the total sales.Last but not the least, the low cost wireless networks help and favor the building up of in-store networks. Zara, as a company, which has a promising future, should also update its network infrastructure, as its business scope will grow bigger. 4. How would you advise Salgado to proceed on upgrading Zara’s POS system? The POS terminals using DOS has been unchanged for over a decade, which made Zara difficult to manage the daily operation effectively. Upgrading Zara’s POS system would utilize the large screen, keyboard and mouse to quickly provide service to customers.It is ve ry important because time is money. Customers are now very busy with their daily schedule; faster service will attract more customers. Furthermore, the modern POS terminals would be able to execute more sophisticated capabilities such as sharing with other stores the inventory. This is essential for the company to manage the inventory and promote the brand network. It shows to the customers that Zara store is a global network and has the same value of providing the best service to customer anywhere. It will reduce the cost of phone call by using the communication inside the company’s online network.